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The stability of the controller is analyzed based on the original non-averaged model, and its performance is validated on a prototype system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2025-0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T14:00:25Z","timestamp":1754488825000},"page":"636-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Averaging-based energy balancing controller for modular multilevel converters"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Kastner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Katzenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Gr\u00f6ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Hagenmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics , 150232 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120813554074848_j_auto-2025-0048_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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