{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:13:48Z","timestamp":1771514028388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bruxism is a parafunctional oral behavior that affects a large percentage of the population. Images of sounds produced by jaw clenching, tooth grinding, reading, eating and drinking by 18 participants were recorded from inside the ear and classified using ResNet-50. Data were segmented into 1\u202fs windows with 50\u202f% overlap. RGB images were used: time series assigned to red, Short Time Fourier Transformation (STFT) assigned to green, and the spectrogram assigned to blue. Three classifiers were examined: 2-Class (Grinding and Pause), 4-Class (Eating, Grinding, Pause, Reading), and 6-Class (Clenching, Grinding, Reading, Eating, Drinking, and Pause). Overall accuracy was 84.31\u202f%, 72.79\u202f%, and 50.97\u202f% for 2-Class, 4-Class, and 6-Class respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2025-0087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:57:50Z","timestamp":1764590270000},"page":"966-976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental classification of acoustic emissions from oral behaviors including bruxism using deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Khair","family":"Nahhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BIROMED-Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens Christoph","family":"T\u00fcrp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health & Medicine , University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gerig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIROMED-Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Cattin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIAN, Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Rauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIROMED-Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Lobbezoo et al.., \u201cInternational consensus on the assessment of bruxism: report of a work in progress,\u201d J. Oral Rehabil., vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 837\u2013844, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.12663.","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12663"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Castroflorio, L. Mesin, G. M. Tartaglia, C. Sforza, and D. Farina, \u201cUse of electromyographic and electrocardiographic signals to detect sleep bruxism episodes in a natural environment,\u201d IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform., vol.\u00a017, no.\u00a06, pp.\u00a0994\u20131001, 2013, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jbhi.2013.2274532.","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2274532"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_003","unstructured":"G. Lavigne and J. Montplaisir, \u201cRestless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among canadians,\u201d Sleep, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 739\u2013743, 1994."},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Svensson, T. Arima, G. Lavigne, and E. Castrillon, \u201cSleep bruxism: definition, prevalence, classification, etiology and consequences,\u201d in Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, Elsevier, 2017, pp.\u00a01423\u20131426.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24288-2.00144-6"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Bracci et al.., \u201cCurrent knowledge and future perspectives on awake bruxism assessment: expert consensus recommendations,\u201d J. Clin. Med., vol.\u00a011, no.\u00a017, p.\u00a05083, 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11175083.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175083"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Deregibus, T. Castroflorio, A. Bargellini, and C. Debernardi, \u201cReliability of a portable device for the detection of sleep bruxism,\u201d Clin. Oral Investig., vol.\u00a018, no.\u00a08, pp.\u00a02037\u20132043, 2013, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-013-1168-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1168-z"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Prasad, M. G. Paulin, R. D. Cannon, S. Palla, and M. Farella, \u201cSmartphone-assisted monitoring of masticatory muscle activity in freely moving individuals,\u201d Clin. Oral Investig., vol.\u00a023, no.\u00a09, pp.\u00a01\u201311, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-018-2785-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2785-3"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. McAuliffe, J. H. Kim, D. J. Diamond, K. T. Lau, and B. O\u2019Connell, \u201cA sleep bruxism detection system based on sensors in a splint \u2013 pilot clinical data,\u201d J. Oral Rehabil., vol.\u00a042, no.\u00a01, pp.\u00a034\u201339, 2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joor.12223.","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12223"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Martin and J. Voix, \u201cIn-ear audio wearable: measurement of heart and breathing rates for health and safety monitoring,\u201d IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol.\u00a065, no.\u00a06, pp.\u00a01256\u20131263, 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tbme.2017.2720463.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2720463"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. R\u00f6ddiger et al.., \u201cSensing with earables: a systematic literature review and taxonomy of phenomena,\u201d Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol., vol.\u00a06, no.\u00a03, pp.\u00a01\u201357, 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3550314.","DOI":"10.1145\/3550314"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. M. Watt, \u201cGnathosonics \u2013 a study of sounds produced by the masticatory mechanism,\u201d J. Prosthet. Dent., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 73\u201382, 1966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3913(66)90114-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(66)90114-4"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. K. Nahhas, N. Gerig, J. C. T\u00fcrp, P. Cattin, E. Wilhelm, and G. Rauter, \u201cImpact of ear occlusion on in-ear sounds generated by intra-oral behaviors,\u201d in New Trends in Medical and Service Robotics, G. Rauter, G. Carbone, P. C. Cattin, A. Zam, D. Pisla, and R. Riener, Eds., Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2022, pp.\u00a0147\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76147-9_16"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. E. Bouserhal, P. Chabot, M. Sarria-Paja, P. Cardinal, and J. Voix, \u201cClassification of nonverbal human produced audio events: a pilot study,\u201d in Proceedings Interspeech, 2018, pp.\u00a01512\u20131516.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2018-2299"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Chabot, R. E. Bouserhal, P. Cardinal, and J. Voix, \u201cDetection and classification of human-produced nonverbal audio events,\u201d Appl. Acoust., vol.\u00a0171, 2021, Art. no. 107643, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107643.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107643"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Christofferson, X. Chen, Z. Wang, A. Mariakakis, and Y. Wang, \u201cSleep sound classification using anc-enabled earbuds,\u201d in 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and Other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops), 2022, pp.\u00a0397\u2013402.","DOI":"10.1109\/PerComWorkshops53856.2022.9767394"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. K. Nahhas, J. C. T\u00fcrp, P. Cattin, N. Gerig, E. Wilhelm, and G. Rauter, \u201cTowards wearables for bruxism detection: voluntary oral behaviors sounds recorded across the head depend on transducer placement,\u201d Clin. Exp. Dent. Res., vol.\u00a010, 2024, Art. no. e70001.","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70001"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Ashbrook et al.., \u201cBitey: an exploration of tooth click gestures for hands-free user interface control,\u201d in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI \u201916, Association for Computing Machinery, 2016, pp.\u00a0158\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1145\/2935334.2935389"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. P. Association et al.., Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511807954"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. J. Lavigne, P. H. Rompre, and J. Y. Montplaisir, \u201cSleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study,\u201d J. Dent. Res., vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 546\u2013552, 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345960750010601.","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345960750010601"},{"key":"2026021914233209291_j_auto-2025-0087_ref_020","unstructured":"B. Bechtold, \u201cViolin plots for matlab,\u201d Tech. Rep., 2016."}],"container-title":["at - Automatisierungstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2025-0087\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2025-0087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:23:52Z","timestamp":1771511032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/auto-2025-0087\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/auto-2025-0087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/auto-2025-0087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0178-2312","2196-677X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0178-2312","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-677X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}