{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:30:58Z","timestamp":1776904258144,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Index Copernicus","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In this review article, we present arguments demonstrating that the advent of high sensitivity total-body PET systems and the invention of the method of <jats:italic>positronium imaging<\/jats:italic>, open realistic perspectives for the application of positronium as a biomarker for <jats:italic>in-vivo<\/jats:italic> assessment of the degree of hypoxia. Hypoxia is a state or condition, in which the availability of oxygen is not sufficient to support physiological processes in tissue and organs. Positronium is a metastable atom formed from electron and positron which is copiously produced in the intramolecular spaces in the living organisms undergoing positron emission tomography (PET). Properties of positronium, such as e.g., lifetime, depend on the size of intramolecular spaces and the concentration in them of oxygen molecules. Therefore, information on the partial pressure of oxygen (pO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in the tissue may be derived from the positronium lifetime measurement. The partial pressure of oxygen differs between healthy and cancer tissues in the range from 10 to 50\u00a0mmHg. Such differences of pO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> result in the change of ortho-positronium lifetime e.g., in water by about 2\u20137\u00a0ps. Thus, the application of positronium as a biomarker of hypoxia requires the determination of the mean positronium lifetime with the resolution in the order of 2\u00a0ps. We argue that such resolution is in principle achievable for organ-wise positronium imaging with the total-body PET systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bams-2021-0189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T13:05:57Z","timestamp":1640869557000},"page":"311-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Positronium as a biomarker of hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.5604","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4229-3548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Moskal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland"},{"name":"Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University , Krak\u00f3w , Poland"},{"name":"Theranostics Center, Jagiellonian University , Krak\u00f3w , Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3589-1715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa \u0141.","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland"},{"name":"Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University , Krak\u00f3w , Poland"},{"name":"Theranostics Center, Jagiellonian University , Krak\u00f3w , Poland"}]}],"member":"3689","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010916552422679_j_bams-2021-0189_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moskal, P. Positronium imaging. In: 2019 IEEE nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference (NSS\/MIC). IEEE Xplore, Manchester, UK; 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSS\/MIC42101.2019.9059856"},{"key":"2023010916552422679_j_bams-2021-0189_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moskal, P, Dulski, K, Chug, N, Curceanu, C, Czerwi\u0144ski, E, Dadgar, M, et al.. Positronium imaging with the novel multiphoton PET scanner. 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