{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:09:59Z","timestamp":1778497799372,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article presents L-NeRVEn, a software solution for after-stroke upper limb neurorehabilitation utilizing collaborative virtual reality (VR). L-NeRVEn offers a shared virtual environment, experienced via a VR headset, with animated full-body avatars representing both the therapist and the patient. The patient\u2019s task is to imagine a particular movement with his or her disabled limb and the success of this imagination is determined by the processing and classification of the patient\u2019s electroencephalography (EEG) signal. The EEG processing component is loosely coupled with the rest of the solution and can be easily modified or replaced. The article focuses on the architecture and appearance of L-NeRVEn, explains the role of its users, and the interaction of its components. It also presents the results of L-NeRVEn evaluation with\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 18 participants, utilizing subjective (SUS, IPQ and NASA-TLX questionnaires) and objective (video recordings and observer\u2019s notes) methods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/comp-2025-0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:57:01Z","timestamp":1769086621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["L-NeRVEn virtual environment for\u00a0neurorehabilitation: architecture, functionality, and\u00a0evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160tefan","family":"Kore\u010dko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers and Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics , Technical University of Ko\u0161ice , Ko\u0161ice , Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Mathes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers and Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics , Technical University of Ko\u0161ice , Ko\u0161ice , Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branislav","family":"Sobota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers and Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics , Technical University of Ko\u0161ice , Ko\u0161ice , Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"Chmura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers and Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics , Technical University of Ko\u0161ice , Ko\u0161ice , Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Rosipal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Vank\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Arcuri, C. Porcaro, I. Ciancarelli, P. Tonin, and A. Cerasa, \u201cElectrophysiological correlates of virtual-reality applications in the rehabilitation setting: New perspectives for stroke patients,\u201d Electronics, vol.\u00a010, no.\u00a07, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10070836.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10070836"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. N. Gaafer, Z. M. Ahmed, A. S. El-Husseiny, A. R. Youssef, and A. Al-Kabbany, \u201cImmersive virtual reality games in neuromotor rehabilitation with brain-computer interfaces: A scoping review,\u201d medRxiv, pp.\u00a02024\u201301, 2024.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.08.24300991"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_003","unstructured":"E. Yeo, B. Chau, B. Chi, D. E. Ruckle, and P. Ta, \u201cVirtual reality neurorehabilitation for mobility in spinal cord injury: A structured review,\u201d Innov. Clin. Neurosci., vol.\u00a016, nos. 1\u20132, p.\u00a013, 2019."},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. He et al.., \u201cExoskeleton-assisted rehabilitation and neuroplasticity in spinal cord injury,\u201d World Neurosurg., vol.\u00a0185, pp.\u00a045\u201354, 2024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.01.167.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.01.167"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Rosipal, S. Kore\u010dko, Z. Ro\u0161\u0165akova, N. Porubcov\u00e1, M. Vank\u00f3, and B. Sobota, \u201cTowards an ecologically valid symbiosis of bci and head-mounted vr displays,\u201d in 2022 IEEE 16th International Scientific Conference on Informatics (Informatics), 2022, pp.\u00a0251\u2013256.","DOI":"10.1109\/Informatics57926.2022.10083479"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Rosipal, Z. Ro\u0161\u0165akova, and L. J. Trejo, \u201cTensor decomposition of human narrowband oscillatory brain activity in frequency, space and time,\u201d Biol. Psychol., vol.\u00a0169, 2022, Art. no. 108287, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108287.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108287"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Sobota, S. Kore\u010dko, J. Gvu\u0161\u010dov\u00e1, and M. Mattov\u00e1, \u201cTherapist-patient interaction in virtual reality at the level of the upper limbs,\u201d in 2022 20th International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA), 2022, pp.\u00a0584\u2013588.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETA57911.2022.9974677"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kore\u010dko, P. Nehila, and B. Sobota, \u201cGame engine based application for neurorehabilitation in collaborative virtual reality,\u201d in 2023 21st International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA), 2023, pp.\u00a0313\u2013317.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETA61311.2023.10344065"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Kore\u010dko, B. Sobota, P. Nehila, and D. Chmura, \u201cArchitecture, enhancements and perspective of the l-nerven virtual environment for neurorehabilitation,\u201d in 2024 IEEE 17th International Scientific Conference on Informatics (Informatics), 2024, pp.\u00a0152\u2013156.","DOI":"10.1109\/Informatics62280.2024.10900751"},{"key":"2026051110184919671_j_comp-2025-0049_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Kar\u00e1csony, J. P. Hansen, H. K. Iversen, and S. 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