{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:45:34Z","timestamp":1790268334145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trust in technology is an important factor to be considered for safety-critical systems. Of particular interest today is the transport domain, as more and more complex information and assistance systems find their way into vehicles. Research in driving automation\u2006\/\u2006automated driving systems is in the focus of many research institutes worldwide. On the operational side, active safety systems employed to save lives are frequently used by non-professional drivers that neither know system boundaries nor the underlying functional principle. This is a serious safety issue, as systems are activated under false circumstances and with wrong expectations. At least some of the recent incidents with advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) or automated driving systems (ADS; SAE J3016) could have been prevented with a full understanding of the driver about system functionality and limitations (instead of overreliance). Drivers have to be trained to accept and use these systems in a way, that subjective trust matches objective trustworthiness (cf. \u201cappropriate trust\u201d) to prevent disuse and\u2006\/\u2006or misuse. In this article, we present an interaction model for trust calibration that issues personalized messages in real time. On the showcase of automated driving we report the results of two user studies related to trust in ADS and driving ethics. In the first experiment (N\u2009=\u200948), mental and emotional states of front-seat passengers were compared to get deeper insight into the dispositional trust of potential users of automated vehicles. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we found that subjects accept and trust ADSs almost similarly as male\u2006\/\u2006female drivers. In another study (N\u2009=\u200940), moral decisions of drivers were investigated in a systematic way. Our results indicate that the willingness of drivers to risk even severe accidents increases with the number and age of pedestrians that would otherwise be sacrificed. Based on our initial findings, we further discuss related aspects of trust in driving automation. Effective shared vehicle control and expected advantages of fully\u2006\/\u2006highly automated driving (SAE levels 3 or higher) can only be achieved when trust issues are demonstrated and resolved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/icom-2016-0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,10]],"date-time":"2016-12-10T05:02:27Z","timestamp":1481346147000},"page":"297-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Trust in Technology as a Safety Aspect in Highly Automated Driving"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Wintersberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt \u2013 CARISSMA, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Riener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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Parasuraman, \u201cA Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction,\u201d Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Bd.\u200653, Nr.\u20095, pp.\u2009517\u2013527, 2011.","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811417254"},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.\u2009L. Hardr\u00e9, \u201cWhen, How, and Why Do We Trust Technology Too Much?,\u201d in Emotions, Technology, and Behaviors, Academic Press, 2015, p.\u200985.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801873-6.00005-4"},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Lin, \u201cWhy ethics matters for autonomous cars,\u201d in Autonomous Driving, Springer, 2016, pp.\u200969\u201385.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48847-8_4"},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_029","unstructured":"P. Wintersberger und A. 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Comparative Analysis of Passengers\u2019 Mental Conditions, Emotional States and Qualitative Feedback,\u201d in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications AutomotiveUI2016, Ann Arbor, 2016.","DOI":"10.1145\/3003715.3005410"},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u2009C. Mayer, J.\u2009H. Davis und F.\u2009D. Schoorman, \u201cAn integrative model of organizational trust,\u201d Academy of management review, Bd.\u200620, Nr.\u20093, pp.\u2009709\u2013734, 1995.","DOI":"10.2307\/258792"},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Parasuraman und V. 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Dibben, \u201cThe role of trust in information science and technology,\u201d Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Bd.\u200637, Nr.\u20091, pp.\u2009465\u2013498, 2003.","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440370111"},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_036","unstructured":"S. Thill, M. Riveiro und M. Nilsson, \u201cPerceived intelligence as a factor in (semi-) autonomous vehicle UX,\u201d in Experiencing Autonomous Vehicles: Crossing the Boundaries between a Drive and a Ride, workshop in conjunction with CHI2015, Seoul, 2015."},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Helldin, G. Falkman, M. Riveiro und S. Davidsson, \u201cPresenting system uncertainty in automotive UIs for supporting trust calibration in autonomous driving,\u201d in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Eindhoven, 2013.","DOI":"10.1145\/2516540.2516554"},{"key":"2025120518212287337_j_icom-2016-0034_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Payre, J. Cestac und P. 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