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While estimating a user\u2019s abilities is technically possible, such proficiency assessments are rarely employed to benefit the user\u2019s task reflection. In our work, we investigate how to model and design for proficiency estimation as part of context-aware systems. In this paper, we present the definition and conceptual architecture of proficiency-aware systems. The concept is not only applicable to current adaptive systems but provides a stepping stone for systems which actively aid in developing user proficiency during interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2020-0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T04:19:23Z","timestamp":1618028363000},"page":"167-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proficiency-aware systems: Designing for user reflection in context-aware systems"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0698-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Karolus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"9183 LMU Munich , Computer Science Institute , Munich , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3670-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 W.","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University , Computing and Information Sciences , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033120153726849_j_itit-2020-0039_ref_001_w2aab3b7c35b1b6b1ab2ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adadi, A., and Berrada, M. 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