{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T23:30:38Z","timestamp":1764977438779,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study presents a decision support tool that uses a fuzzy logic model of expert knowledge to assist in the decision-making process in the context of mitigating shipping CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions. The issue of selecting a market-based shipping CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emission mechanism, as they were presented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), has generated much discussion over the last decade due to the complexity of the industry. We built a fuzzy logic system using the input and output variables as well as their range values that have been set from the IMO Expert Group study. We developed 27 fuzzy rules based on the literature and our domain knowledge, and we ran the fuzzy inference system for four of the proposed market-based measures. Finally, we evaluated our results and compared them with the IMO Expert Group study. Although not all measures responded the same, especially regarding the emission reductions, the percentage agreement is satisfactory in most of the cases (60\u201395%). The strength of the tool is that it synthesizes a large amount of information in a logical and transparent framework, and has the potential to have wider application in the context of market-based measures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jisys-2015-0161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T06:02:43Z","timestamp":1462946563000},"page":"439-455","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Measures Addressing Shipping CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Emissions"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Evaggelia","family":"Lema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Regional Development , Panteion University of Political and Social Sciences , Leof. Andrea Siggrou 136 , Kallithea 17671 , Greece"}]},{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Karaganis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Regional Development , Panteion University of Political and Social Sciences , Leof. Andrea Siggrou 136 , Kallithea 17671 , Greece"}]},{"given":"Elpiniki","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering , Technological Educational Institute of Central Greece (University of Applied Science) , Lamia, 35100 , Greece"},{"name":"Faculty of Business Economics , Hasselt University , Hasselt , Belgium ,"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_001_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. A. Andriantiatsaholiniaina, V. S. Kouikoglou and Y. A. Phillis, Evaluating strategies for sustainable development: fuzzy logic reasoning and sensitivity analysis, Ecol. Econ.48 (2004), 149\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2003.08.009"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_002_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b2Aa","unstructured":"Z. Bazari and T. Longva, Assessment of IMO Mandated Energy Efficiency Measures for International Shipping: Estimated CO2Emissions Reduction from Introduction of Mandatory Technical and Operational Energy Efficiency Measures for Ships, International Maritime Organization, London, 2011."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_003_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Bithas, Sustainability and externalities: is the internalization of externalities a sufficient condition for sustainability? Ecol. Econ.70 (2011), 1703\u20131706.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2011.05.014"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_004_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Bosma, J. van den Berg, U. Kaymak, H. Udo and J. Verreth, A generic methodology for developing fuzzy decision models, Expert Syst. Appl.39 (2012), 1200\u20131210.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.07.126"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_005_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b5Aa","unstructured":"\u00d8. Buhaug, J. J. Corbett, \u00d8. Endresen, V. Eyring, J. Faber, S. Hanayama, D. S. Lee, D. Lee, H. Lindstad, A. Z. Markowska, A. Mjelde, D. Nelissen, J. Nilsen, C. Palsson, J. J. Winebrake, W. Q. Wu and K. Yoshida, Second IMO GHG Study, London, 2009."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_006_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. J. Corbett, H. Wang and J. Winebrake, The effectiveness and costs of speed reductions on emissions from international shipping, Transport. Res. Pt. D Transport Environ.14 (2009), 593\u2013598.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2009.08.005"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_007_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. G. De Vos, P. H. Janssen, M. T. J. Kok, S. Frantzi, E. Dellas, P. Pattberg, A. C. Petersen and F. Biermann, Formalizing knowledge on international environmental regimes: a first step towards integrating political science in integrated assessments of global environmental change, Environ. Modell. Softw.44 (2013), 101\u2013112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.08.004"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_008_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b8Aa","unstructured":"V. Dimitrov, Use of fuzzy logic in dealing with social complexity, Complex. Int.4 (1997), http:\/\/www.csu.edu.au\/ci\/vol4\/dimitrov1\/dimitrov.htm. Accessed 13 March, 2014."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_009_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. S. Eide, T. Longva, P. Hoffmann, \u00d8. Endresen and S. B. Dals\u00f8ren, Future cost scenarios for reduction of ship CO2 emissions, Marit. Policy Manage.38 (2011), 11\u201337.","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839.2010.533711"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_010_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d8. Endresen, E. S\u00f8rgard, J. K. Sundet, S. B. Dals\u00f8ren, I. S. A. Isaksen, T. F. Berglen and G. Gravir, Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact, J. Geophys. Res.108 (2003), 4560.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002898"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_011_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Eyring, H. W. Kohler, J. van Aardenne and A. Lauer, Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years, J. Geophys. Res.110 (2005), D17305.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005619"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_012_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. A. Greening and S. Bernow, Design of coordinated energy and environmental policies: use of multi-criteria decision-making, Energy Policy32 (2004), 721\u2013735.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2003.08.017"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_013_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Golub, D. Narita and M. G. W. Schmidt, Uncertainty in integrated assessment models of climate change: alternative analytical approaches, Environ. Model. Assess.19 (2014), 99\u2013109.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-013-9386-y"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_014_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Guillaume, Designing fuzzy inference systems from data: an interpretability-oriented review, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.9 (2001), 426\u2013443.","DOI":"10.1109\/91.928739"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_015_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c15Aa","unstructured":"N. Hanley, J. Shogren and B. White, Environmental economics in theory and practice, Palgrave, London, 2007."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_016_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. P. Hong and C. Y. Lee, Induction of fuzzy rules and membership functions from training examples, Fuzzy Sets Syst.84 (1996), 33\u201347.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(95)00305-3"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_017_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. L. Hsueh and M. R. Yan, Enhancing sustainable community developments a multi-criteria evaluation model for energy efficient project selection, Energy Proc.5 (2011), 135\u2013144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.03.025"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_018_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c18Aa","unstructured":"IMO, Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, Report of the Expert Group on Feasibility Study and Impact Assessment of possible Market-Based Measures, Marine Environment Protection Committee, MEPC 62\/5\/14, International Maritime Organization, London, 2011."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_019_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. Jakeman, R. A. Letcher and J. P. Norton, Ten iterative steps in development and evaluation of environmental models, Environ. Modell. Softw.21 (2006), 602\u2013614.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2006.01.004"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_020_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. L. Kunsch and J. Springael, A fuzzy methodology for evaluating a market of tradable CO2-permits, in Energy and Environment, pp. 149\u2013173, Springer, US, 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25352-1_6"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_021_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Lema and D. Papaioannou, Policy instruments and recent advances of the greenhouse gas regulating framework in shipping, Interdiscipl. Environ. Rev.14 (2013), 238\u2013252.","DOI":"10.1504\/IER.2013.058928"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_022_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. P. Li, G. H. Huang, Z. F. Yang and S. L. Nie, IFTCIP: an integrated optimization model for environmental management under uncertainty, Environ. Model. Assess.14 (2009), 315\u2013332.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-007-9128-0"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_023_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. H. Mamdani and S. Assilian, An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller, Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud.7 (1975), 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(75)80002-2"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_024_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c24Aa","unstructured":"MEPC 60\/4\/40, Achieving Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships through Port State Arrangements Utilizing the Ship Traffic, Energy and Environment Model STEEM, PSL, proposal by Jamaica. IMO doc."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_025_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c25Aa","unstructured":"MEPC 60\/4\/8, The International Fund for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships, GHG Fund, proposed by Cyprus, Denmark, the Marshall Islands, Nigeria and IPTA, IMO doc."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_026_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c26Aa","unstructured":"MEPC 61\/4\/22, The Global Emission Trading System (ETS) for International Shipping, proposed by Norway, IMO doc."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_027_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. D. Pohekar and M. Ramachandran, Application of multi-criteria decision making to sustainable energy planning \u2013 a review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.8 (2004), 365\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2003.12.007"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_028_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. N. Psaraftis, Market-based measures for greenhouse gas emissions from ships: a review, WMU J. Marit. Affairs11 (2012), 211\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13437-012-0030-5"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_029_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c29Aa","unstructured":"H. N. Psaraftis, C. A. Kontovas and N. M. P. Kakalis, Speed reduction as an emissions reduction measure for fast ships, in: 10th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation FAST, 2009."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_030_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. F. Royes and R. C. Bastos, Political analysis using fuzzy MCDM, J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst.11 (2001), 53\u201364.","DOI":"10.3233\/IFS-2001-00148"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_031_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c31Aa","unstructured":"B. A. Russell, H. Wang and M. Zeinali, Marginal abatement costs of CO2 emissions reduction and market-based mechanisms and the pricing of credits, Climate Change and Ships: Increasing Energy Efficiency Symposium, Linthicum, MD, 2010."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_032_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c32Aa","unstructured":"M. Setnes, Complexity reduction in fuzzy systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2001."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_033_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. B. Shepard, Quantifying environmental impact assessments using fuzzy logic, Springer, Berlin, 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28098-7"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_034_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Silvert, Fuzzy indices of environmental conditions, Ecol. Modell.130 (2000), 111\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(00)00204-0"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_035_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Takagi and M. Sugeno, Fuzzy identification of systems and its applications to modeling and control, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.15 (1985), 116\u2013132.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1985.6313399"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_036_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c36Aa","unstructured":"T. Tietenberg and L. Lewis, Environmental economics and policy, 6th ed., Pearson Education, Boston, 2009."},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_037_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. S. J. Tol, Safe policies in an uncertain climate: an application of FUND, Global Environ. Change9 (1999), 221\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(99)00011-4"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_038_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c38Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. T. Tran, C. G. Knight, R. V. O\u2019Neill, E. R. Smith, K. H. Riitters and J. Wickham, Fuzzy decision analysis for integrated environmental vulnerability assessment of the mid-Atlantic region, Environ. Manage.29 (2002), 845\u2013859.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-001-2587-1"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_039_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c39Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. R. Tuzkaya, Evaluating the environmental effects of transportation modes using an integrated methodology and an application, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.6 (2009), 277\u2013290.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327632"},{"key":"2025120523272173321_j_jisys-2015-0161_ref_040_w2aab3b7d249b1b6b1ab2b1c40Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. A. Zadeh, Toward a theory of fuzzy information granulation and its centrality in human reasoning and fuzzy logic, Fuzzy Sets Syst.90 (1997), 111\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(97)00077-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/journals\/jisys\/26\/3\/article-p439.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jisys-2015-0161\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jisys-2015-0161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T23:27:33Z","timestamp":1764977253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jisys-2015-0161\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jisys-2015-0161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jisys-2015-0161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-026X","0334-1860"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2191-026X"},{"type":"print","value":"0334-1860"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]]}}}