{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:40:14Z","timestamp":1781206814497,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553644800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Precise and timely diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease is important to control its progression among subjects. Currently, a neuroimaging technique called dopaminergic imaging that uses single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with\n                    <jats:sup>123<\/jats:sup>\n                    I-Ioflupane is popular among clinicians for detecting Parkinson\u2019s disease in early stages. Unlike other studies, which consider only low-level features like gray matter, white matter, or cerebrospinal fluid, this study explores the non-linear relation between different biomarkers (SPECT + biological) using deep learning and multivariate logistic regression. Striatal binding ratios are obtained using\n                    <jats:sup>123<\/jats:sup>\n                    I-Ioflupane SPECT scans from four brain regions which are further integrated with five biological biomarkers to increase the diagnostic accuracy. Experimental results indicate that this investigated approach can differentiate subjects with 100% accuracy. The obtained results outperform the ones reported in the literature. Furthermore, logistic regression model has been developed for estimating the Parkinson\u2019s disease onset probability. Such models may aid clinicians in diagnosing this disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jisys-2018-0261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T16:20:07Z","timestamp":1553703607000},"page":"1329-1344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Early Detection of Parkinson\u2019s Disease by Using SPECT Imaging and Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Gunjan","family":"Pahuja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , JSS Academy of Technical Education , Noida 201301, India"},{"name":"Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University , Lucknow , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. N.","family":"Nagabhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science and Engineering , Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering , Mysuru 570006 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhanu","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences , Florida A&M University , Tallahassee, FL 32307 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120523362765448_j_jisys-2018-0261_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Aarsland, K. Andersen, J. P. Larsen, A. Lolk, H. Nielsen and P. Kragh\u2013S\u00f8rensen, Risk of dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a community-based, prospective study, Neurology 56 (2001), 730\u2013736.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.6.730"},{"key":"2025120523362765448_j_jisys-2018-0261_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Bengio, Learning deep architectures for AI, Found. Trends Mach. Learn. 2 (2009), 1\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000006"},{"key":"2025120523362765448_j_jisys-2018-0261_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Booij, G. Tissingh, G. J. Boer, J. D. Speelman, J. C. Stoof, A. G. Janssen, E. C. Wolters and E. A. Van Royen, [123I] FP-CIT SPECT shows a pronounced decline of striatal dopamine transporter labelling in early and advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 62 (1997), 133\u2013140.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.133"},{"key":"2025120523362765448_j_jisys-2018-0261_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. M. Chahine, M. B. Stern and A. 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