{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:50:33Z","timestamp":1774673433188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The background of the Monte Carlo method is connected with two very important events in the modern human history: the World War Two and the building of first electronic computers. For that reason, we will try to synthesize the most important facts of those events that have relation to the development of the method in order to produce a clearer picture of the origination of the Monte Carlo method of stochastic sampling. The research covers the period from 1930 to 1959.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/mcma-2016-0102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T14:05:33Z","timestamp":1455717933000},"page":"73-79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Manhattan Project, the first electronic computer and the Monte Carlo method"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dobriyan M.","family":"Benov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skombrius Str. 58, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_000_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. W. Burks and A. R. Burks,\nThe ENIAC: First general-purpose electronic computer,\nAnn. Hist. Comput. 3 (1981), 4, 310\u2013399.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.1981.10043"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_001_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b2Aa","unstructured":"V. Chavchavadze,\nRandom testing method (Monte Carlo method),\nProc. Inst. Phys. Tbilisi 3 (1955), 105\u2013121."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_002_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b3Aa","unstructured":"L. De Mol,\nDoing mathematics on the ENIAC. Von Neumann's and Lehmer's different visions,\nMathematical Practice and Development Throughout History. Proceedings of the 18th Novembertagung on the History, Philosophy and Didactics of Mathematics (Bonn 2007),\nLogos-Verlag, Berlin (2009), 1\u201337,\nhttp:\/\/logica.ugent.be\/liesbeth\/18thNovemberTagung.pdf."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_003_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b4Aa","unstructured":"R. Eckhardt,\nStan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo method,\nLos Alamos Sci. 15 (1987), 131\u2013143."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_004_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Fermi and R. Richtmyer,\nNote on census-taking in Monte-Carlo calculations,\nreport, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1948.","DOI":"10.2172\/4423221"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_005_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Groueff,\nManhattan Project: The Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb,\nLittle Brown & Co, Boston, 1967.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3034436"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_006_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b7Aa","unstructured":"L. Groves,\nNow It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project,\nHarper, New York, 1962."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_007_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b8Aa","unstructured":"A. Householder,\nMonte Carlo Method,\nAppl. Math. Ser 12,\nNational Bureau of Standards, Washington, 1951."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_008_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Hurd,\nA note on early Monte Carlo computations and scientific meetings,\nAnn. Hist. Comput. 7 (1985), 2, 141\u2013155.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.1985.10019"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_009_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. King,\nMonte-Carlo method for solving diffusion problems,\nIndust. Eng. Chem. 43 (1951), 11, 2475\u20132478.","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50503a021"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_010_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Kraft and C. Wensrich,\nMonte Carlo Methods: A Bibliography Covering the Period 1949 to 1963,\nUniversity of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, 1964.","DOI":"10.2172\/4011631"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_011_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c12Aa","unstructured":"N. Metropolis,\nThe beginning of Monte Carlo,\nLos Alamos Sci. 15 (1987), 125\u2013130."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_012_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Metropolis and S. Ulam,\nThe Monte Carlo method,\nJ. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 44 (1949), 257, 335\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1949.10483310"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_013_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c14Aa","unstructured":"R. Richtmyer, J. von Neumann and S. Ulam,\nStatistical methods in neutron diffusion,\nreport, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1947."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_014_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c15Aa","unstructured":"J. Russel and R. Cohn,\nFERMIAC,\nBookvika Publishing, Moscow, 2012."},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_015_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Ulam,\nJohn von Neumann, 1903\u20131957,\nBull. Amer. Math. Soc. 64 (1958), 3, 1\u201349.","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9904-1958-10189-5"},{"key":"2023040101023275316_j_mcma-2016-0102_ref_016_w2aab2b8b6b1b7b1ab1b1c17Aa","unstructured":"J. von Neumann and O. Morgenstern,\nTheory of Games and Economic Behavior, 3rd ed.,\nPrinceton University Press, Princeton, 1953."}],"container-title":["Monte Carlo Methods and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/mcma-2016-0102\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/mcma-2016-0102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T17:38:05Z","timestamp":1680370685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/mcma-2016-0102\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/mcma-2016-0102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/mcma-2016-0102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-9629","1569-3961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-9629","type":"print"},{"value":"1569-3961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]]}}}