{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:38:21Z","timestamp":1784014701378,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper focuses on the question of the representation of nasality as well as speakers\u2019 awareness and perceptual use of phonetic nasalisation by examining surface nasalisation in two types of vowels in Bengali: underlying nasal vowels (C\u1e7cC) and nasalised vowels before a nasal consonant (CVN). A series of three cross-modal forced-choice experiments was used to investigate the hypothesis that only unpredictable nasalisation is stored and that this sparse representation governs how listeners interpret vowel nasality. Visual full-word targets were preceded by auditory primes consisting of CV segments of CVC words with nasal vowels ([t\u0283\u0251\u0303] for [t\u0283\u0251\u0303d] \u2018moon\u2019), oral vowels ([t\u0283\u0251] for [t\u0283\u0251l] \u2018unboiled rice\u2019) or nasalised oral vowels ([t\u0283\u0251\u0303(n)] for [t\u0283\u0251\u0303n] \u2018bath\u2019) and reaction times and errors were measured. Some targets fully matched the prime while some matched surface or underlying representation only. Faster reaction times and fewer errors were observed after C\u1e7cC primes compared to both CVC and CVN primes. Furthermore, any surface nasality was most frequently matched to a C\u1e7cC target unless no such target was available. Both reaction times and error data indicate that nasal vowels are specified for nasality leading to faster recognition compared to underspecified oral vowels, which cannot be perfectly matched with incoming signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/phon-2022-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T03:23:06Z","timestamp":1653621786000},"page":"115-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bengali nasal vowels: lexical representation and listener perception"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Kotzor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Brain Laboratory , Faculty of Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Wetterlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agder , Kristiansand , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Charles","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Resilient Systems Singapore-ETH Centre , Singapore , Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Reetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Phonetik , Goethe Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Lahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Brain Laboratory , Faculty of Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023040101321310820_j_phon-2022-2017_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beddor, Patrice Speeter. 1993. 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