{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:36:29Z","timestamp":1776886589687,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harding Distinguished Postgraduate Scholarship","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Voice quality (VQ) is frequently analysed in phonetic and phonological research. Recently, there has been motivation to assess VQ more \u2018objectively\u2019 using acoustic analysis. Our systematic review revealed a notable research focus on pathological speakers, with 48\u202f% of excluded studies being rejected for investigating pathological populations. Among studies involving non-pathological speakers, the analysed speech material is often restricted to sustained vowel productions. Therefore, the suitability of acoustic techniques when analysing more naturalistic speech and non-pathological speakers remains unclear. We present a systematic literature review of acoustic methods used to categorise breathy and whispery VQ in non-pathological speakers. The literature was surveyed using four databases (ProQuest, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science) and ICPhS proceedings between 1999 and 2023. The selection criteria included peer-reviewed articles conducting an acoustic analysis of breathy and whispery voices for vocally healthy speakers. Initial searches yielded 754 papers. Once filtered, 21 papers remained. The results reveal some consistency in the main acoustic parameters for breathy VQ (higher spectral tilt and lower HNR\/CPP). Whispery voice was only addressed in two studies, meaning no trends were observed. We conclude that there remain inconsistencies in methods and findings, and thus we cannot identify an agreed \u2018standard\u2019 approach generally applicable to non-pathological speakers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/phon-2025-0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T18:57:50Z","timestamp":1754074670000},"page":"271-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acoustic methods for analysing breathy and whispery voices: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8790-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Patman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics , 2152 University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB3 9DA , UK"},{"name":"Darwin College , Cambirdge , , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Foulkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language and Linguistic Science , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"McDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics , 2152 University of Cambridge , Cambridge , CB3 9DA , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_001","unstructured":"Beck, J. 2007. Vocal profile analysis scheme: A user\u2019s manual. Edinburgh: Queen Margaret University College, Speech Science Research Centre."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borsky, M., D. D. Mehta, J.\u00a0H. Van Stan & J. Gudnason. 2017. Modal and non-modal voice quality classification using acoustic and electroglottographic features. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 25(12). 2281\u20132291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/taslp.2017.2759002.","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2759002"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, Y. & M. Garellek. 2022. On H1\u2013H2 as an acoustic measure of linguistic phonation type. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152(3). 1856\u20131870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0014175.","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0014175"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, R. K. W. 2023. Evidential value of voice quality acoustics in forensic voice comparison. Forensic Science International 348. 111725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2023.111725.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2023.111725"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, A., E. McClay & H. H. Yeung. 2023. An exploration of voice quality in mothers speaking Canadian English to infants. Language Learning and Development. 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15475441.2023.2256708.","DOI":"10.1080\/15475441.2023.2256708"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallaston, K. & G. Docherty. 2020. The quantitative prevalence of creaky voice (vocal fry) in varieties of English: A systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 15(3). 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229960.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229960"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte-Borquez, C., M. Van Doren & M. Garellek. 2024. Utterance-final voice quality in American English and Mexican Spanish bilinguals. Languages 9(3). 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/languages9030070.","DOI":"10.3390\/languages9030070"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esling, J. 1978. The identification of features of voice quality in social groups. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8(2). 18\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0025100300001699.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100300001699"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_011","unstructured":"Esling, J.\u00a0H. & J.\u00a0G. Harris. 2005. States of the glottis: An articulatory phonetic model based on laryngoscopic observations. In W. J. Hardcastle & J.\u00a0M. Beck (eds.), A figure of speech, 347\u2013383. London: Routledge."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esling, J.\u00a0H., S. R. Moisik, A. Benner & L. Crevier-Buchman. 2019. Voice quality: The laryngeal articulator model. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108696555"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, C., E. van Leer & D. V. Anderson. 2019. Identification of voice quality variation using I-Vectors. In 2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, 105\u2013109. NY, USA: New Paltz.","DOI":"10.1109\/WASPAA.2019.8937289"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foulkes, P., G. Docherty, S. Shattuck-Hufnagel & V. Hughes. 2018. Three steps forward for predictability: Consideration of methodological robustness, indexical and prosodic factors, and replication in the laboratory. Linguistics Vanguard 4(2). 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/lingvan-2017-0032.","DOI":"10.1515\/lingvan-2017-0032"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gierlich, J. & V. Latoszek Barsties. 2023. Test-retest reliability of the acoustic voice quality index and the acoustic breathiness index. Journal of Voice. [Advance online publication]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvoice.2023.08.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2023.07.013"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobl, C. & A. N\u00ed Chasaide. 1992. Acoustic characteristics of voice quality. Speech Communication 11(4). 481\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-6393-92-90055-c.","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(92)90055-C"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, M. & P. Ladefoged. 2001. Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview. Journal of Phonetics 29. 383\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jpho.2001.0147.","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2001.0147"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorham-Rowan, M. M. & J. Laures-Gore. 2006. Acoustic-perceptual correlates of voice quality in elderly men and women. Journal of Communication Disorders 39(3). 171\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2005.11.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2005.11.005"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillenbrand, J. & R. A. Houde. 1996. Acoustic correlates of breathy vocal quality: Dysphonic voices and continuous speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39(2). 311\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3902.311.","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3902.311"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, V., A. Cardoso, P. Foulkes, P. French, A. Gully & P. Harrison. 2023. Speaker-specificity in speech production: The contribution of source and filter. Journal of Phonetics 97. 101224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wocn.2023.101224.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2023.101224"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishi, C. T., Ishiguro, H. & Hagita, N. 2010. Analysis of the roles and the dynamics of breathy and whispery voice qualities in dialogue speech. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing. 1\u201312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1687-4722-2010-528193.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/528193"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_022","unstructured":"Jurafsky, D. & J. Martin. 2008. Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadiri, S. R. & P. Alku. 2019. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients of voice source waveforms for classification of phonation types in speech. In Proceedings of Interspeech, 2508\u20132512.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2019-2863"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_024","unstructured":"Keating, P., M. Garellek & J. Kreiman. 2015. Acoustic properties of different kinds of creaky voice. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Glasgow. Available at: https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/icphs-proceedings\/ICPhS2015\/Papers\/ICPHS0821.pdf."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klatt, D. H. & L. C. Klatt. 1990. Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87(2). 820\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.398894.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398894"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_026","unstructured":"Klug, K. 2023. Assessing a speaker\u2019s voice quality for forensic purposes: Using the example of creaky voice and breathy voice. University of York PhD dissertation. Available from: https:\/\/etheses.whiterose.ac.uk\/34778\/."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_027","unstructured":"Klug, K., C. Kirchh\u00fcbel, P. Foulkes & P. French. 2019. Analysing breathy voice in forensic speaker comparison: Using acoustics to confirm perception. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain & P. Warren (eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 795\u2013799. Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc., and International Phonetic Association."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_028","unstructured":"Klug, K. & M. Niermann. 2023. Assessing the suitability of f0 estimators with respect to recording condition and voice quality. In K. Klug, Assessing a speaker\u2019s voice quality for forensic purposes: Using the example of creaky voice and breathy voice, 58\u201377. York, UK: University of York PhD dissertation. Available from: https:\/\/etheses.whiterose.ac.uk\/34778\/."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klug, K., C. Kirchh\u00fcbel, P. Foulkes, A. Braun & P. French. 2024. Assessing creaky voice quality for forensic purposes. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Foundations of Speech. Proceedings of the 2023 Aarhus International Conference on Voice Studies, 16\u201326. Sciendo.","DOI":"10.2478\/9788366675513-003"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_030","unstructured":"Kovacic, G. & F. Emica. 2013. Voice quality of female teachers with vocal fatigue. Hrvatska Revija Za Rehabilitacijska Istrazivanja 49. 92\u2013107."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiman, J. & D. Sidtis. 2011. Foundations of voice studies: An interdisciplinary approach to voice production and perception. Malden, MA, USA: Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444395068"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiman, J., Y.-L. Shue, G. Chen, M. Iseli, B. R. Gerratt, J. Neubauer & Abeer Alwan. 2012. Variability in the relationships among voice quality, harmonic amplitudes, open quotient, and glottal area waveform shape in sustained phonation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132(4). 2625\u20132632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4747007.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4747007"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiman, J., B. R. Gerratt, M. Garellek, R. Samlan & Z. Zhang. 2014. Toward a unified theory of voice production and perception. Loquens 1(1). 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3989\/loquens.2014.009.","DOI":"10.3989\/loquens.2014.009"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_034","unstructured":"Laver, J. 1980. The phonetic description of voice quality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehto, L., M. Airas, E. Bj\u00f6rkner, J. Sundberg & P. Alku. 2007. Comparison of two inverse filtering methods in parameterization of the glottal closing phase characteristics in different phonation types. Journal of Voice 21(2). 138\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvoice.2005.10.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2005.10.007"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linville, S. E. 2002. Source characteristics of aged voice assessed from long-term average spectra. Journal of Voice 16(4). 472\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0892-1997-02-00122-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(02)00122-4"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markaki, M. & Y. Stylianou. 2009. Modulation spectral features for objective voice quality assessment: The breathiness case. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications (MAVEBA). 1\u20134. Florence, Italy: Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCCSP.2010.5463313"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAuliffe, M., M. Socolof, S. Mihuc, M. Wagner & M. Sonderegger. 2017. Montreal Forced Aligner: Trainable text-speech alignment using Kaldi. Proceedings of Interspeech 2017. 498\u2013502.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2017-1386"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_062","unstructured":"Moisik, S. R., M. Hejn\u00e1 & J. H. Esling. 2019. Abducted vocal fold states and the epilarynx: A new taxonomy for distinguishing breathiness and whisperiness. In Skarnitzl & J. Vol\u00edn (eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 220\u2013224. Canberra. Available at: https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/icphs-proceedings\/ICPhS2019\/papers\/ICPhS_269.pdf."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogden, R. 2001. Turn transition, creak and glottal stop in Finnish talk-in-interaction. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31(1). 139\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0025100301001116.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100301001116"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y., J.\u00a0S. Perkell, M. L. Matthies & C. E. Stepp. 2019. Categorization in the perception of breathy voice quality and its relation to voice production in healthy speakers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62(10). 3655\u20133666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2019-jslhr-s-19-0048.","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-19-0048"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickering, C. & J. Byrne. 2013. The benefits of publishing systematic quantitative literature reviews for PhD candidates and other early-career researchers. Higher Education Research and Development 33. 534\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07294360.2013.841651.","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2013.841651"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_044","unstructured":"Pittam, J. & C. Gallois. 1987. Predicting impressions of speakers from voice quality: Acoustic and non-acoustic correlates. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 6(3\u20134). 231\u2013242."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomm\u00e9e, T. & D. Morsomme. 2022. Voice quality in telephone interviews: A preliminary acoustic investigation. Journal of Voice 563.e1\u2013563.e20.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2022.08.027"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_046","unstructured":"R Core Team. 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer Software]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing Available from ."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San Segundo, E., P. Foulkes, P. French, P. Harrison, V. Hughes & C. Kavanagh. 2019. The use of the Vocal Profile Analysis for speaker characterization: Methodological proposals. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49(3). 353\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0025100318000130.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100318000130"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz, B. G., S. Rojas, M. St John, E. Kefalianos & A. P. Vogel. 2023. A cross-sectional study of perceptual and acoustic voice characteristics in healthy aging. Journal of Voice 37(6). 969.e23\u2013969.e41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvoice.2021.06.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2021.06.007"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shue, Y. L., G. Chen & A. Alwan. 2010. On the interdependencies between voice quality, glottal gaps, and voice-source related acoustic parameters. In Proceedings of Interspeech, 34\u201337. Chiba, Japan.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2010-5"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, A. P. 2009. Phonetic differences between male and female speech. Language and Linguistics Compass 3(2). 621\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2009.00125.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2009.00125.x"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_050","unstructured":"Stuart-Smith, J. 1999. Glasgow: Accent and voice quality. In P. Foulkes & G. J. Docherty (eds.), Urban voices: Accent studies in the British Isles, 201\u2013222. Leeds, UK: Arnold."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_051","unstructured":"Szakay, A. & E. Torgersen. 2015. An acoustic analysis of voice quality in London English: The effect of gender, ethnicity, and f0. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Glasgow. Available at: https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/icphs-proceedings\/ICPhS2015\/Papers\/ICPHS0996.pdf."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trittin, P. J. & A. de Santos y Lle\u00f3. 1995. Voice quality analysis of male and female Spanish speakers. Speech Communication 16(4). 359\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-6393-95-00004-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(95)00004-8"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_060","unstructured":"Xu, C., P. Foulkes, P. Harrison, V. Hughes & J. H. Wormald. 2023. Contributions of acoustic measures to the classification of laryngeal voice quality in continuous English speech. In R. Skarnitzl & J. Vol\u00edn (eds.), Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 1806\u20131810. Canberra. Available at: https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/icphs-proceedings\/ICPhS2023\/full_papers\/772.pdf."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yiu, E. M., B. Murdoch, K. Hird, P. Lau & E. M. Ho. 2008. Cultural and language differences in voice quality perception: A preliminary investigation using synthesised signals. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 60(3). 107\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000119746.","DOI":"10.1159\/000119746"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokonishi, H., H. Imagawa, K. Sakakibara, A. Yamauchi, T. Nito, T. Yamasoba & N. Tayama. 2016. Relationship of various open quotients with acoustic property, phonation types, fundamental frequency, and intensity. Journal of Voice 30(2). 145\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvoice.2015.01.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2015.01.009"},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_058","unstructured":"Zetterholm, E. 1999. Auditory and acoustic analysis of voice quality variations in normal voices. In J. J. Ohala, Y. Hasegawa, M. Ohala, D. Granville & A. C. Bailey (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 973\u2013976. San Francisco. Available at: https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/icphs-proceedings\/ICPhS1999\/papers\/p14_0973.pdf."},{"key":"2025080712564321654_j_phon-2025-0007_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. 2021. Contribution of laryngeal size to differences between male and female voice production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150(6). 4511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/10.0009033.","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0009033"}],"container-title":["Phonetica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/phon-2025-0007\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/phon-2025-0007\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T12:56:56Z","timestamp":1754571416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/phon-2025-0007\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/phon-2025-0007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/phon-2025-0007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-8388","1423-0321"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-8388","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0321","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}