{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:34:59Z","timestamp":1776108899325,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this article, we present the user-centered development of the service robot IURO. IURO\u2019s goal is to find the way to a designated place in town without any previous map knowledge, just by retrieving information from asking pedestrians for directions. We present the 3-years development process,which involved a series of studies on its appearance, communication model, feedback modalities, and social navigation mechanisms. Our main contribution lies within the final field trial.With the autonomous IURO platform, we performed a series of six way-finding runs (over 24 hours of run-time in total) in the city center of Munich, Germany. The robot interacted with approximately 100 pedestrians of which 36 interactions included a full route dialogue. A variety of empirical methods was used to explore reactions of primary users (pedestrians who actually interacted with the robot) and secondary users (bystanders who observed others interacting). The gathered data provides insights into usability, user experience, and acceptance of IURO and allowed us deriving recommendations for the development of other socially interactive robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2015-0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,20]],"date-time":"2015-04-20T13:45:51Z","timestamp":1429537551000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Interactive Urban Robot: User-centered development and final field trial of a direction requesting robot"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Astrid","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Mirnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Bruckenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ewald","family":"Strasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Tscheligi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"K\u00fchnlenz (Gonsior)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Wollherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bartlomiej","family":"Stanczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref101","first-page":"450","article-title":"Close encounters : Spatial distances between people and a robot of mechanistic appearance in Humanoid Robots th IEEE - RAS International Conference on","volume":"11","author":"Walters","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"197","article-title":"human - dependent sociable trash box in Human - Robot Interaction th ACM \/ IEEE International Conference on","volume":"25","author":"Yamaji","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref221","first-page":"2846","article-title":"Field trial of networked social robots in a shoppingmall in Intelligent Robots and Systems IEEE RSJ International Conference on","volume":"23","author":"Shiomi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"2623","article-title":"Modeling of natural human - robot encounters in Intelligent Robots and Systems IEEE RSJ International Conference on","volume":"15","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"205","article-title":"A communication structure for human - robot itinerary requests in HRI : Proceedings of the th ACM \/ IEEE international conference on Human - robot interaction","volume":"32","author":"Mirnig","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"51","article-title":"Methodological issues in hri : A comparison of live and videobased methods in robot to human approach direction trials in Robot and Human Interactive Communication The th IEEE International Symposium on","volume":"8","author":"Woods","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"275","article-title":"Effect of scenario media on human - robot interaction evaluation in Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM \/ IEEE international conference on Human - Robot Interaction","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"109","article-title":"How to approach humans ? 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