{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:06:32Z","timestamp":1778285192127,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As robotic arms become prevalent in industry, it is crucial to improve levels of trust from human collaborators. Low levels of trust in human\u2013robot interaction can reduce overall performance and prevent full robot utilization. We investigated the potential benefits of using emotional musical prosody (EMP) to allow the robot to respond emotionally to the user\u2019s actions. We define EMP as musical phrases inspired by speech-based prosody used to display emotion. We tested participants\u2019 responses to interacting with a virtual robot arm and a virtual humanoid that acted as a decision agent, helping participants select the next number in a sequence. We compared results from three versions of the application in a between-group experiment, where the robot presented different emotional reactions to the user\u2019s input depending on whether the user agreed with the robot and whether the user\u2019s choice was correct. One version used EMP audio phrases selected from our dataset of singer improvisations, the second version used audio consisting of a single pitch randomly assigned to each emotion, and the final version used no audio, only gestures. In each version, the robot reacted with emotional gestures. Participants completed a trust survey following the interaction, and we found that the reported trust ratings of the EMP group were significantly higher than both the single-pitch and no audio groups for the robotic arm. We found that our audio system made no significant difference in any metric when used on a humanoid robot implying audio needs to be separately designed for each platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2021-0033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T16:03:49Z","timestamp":1643385829000},"page":"454-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Emotional musical prosody for the enhancement of trust: Audio design for robotic arm communication"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Savery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology , Atlanta , United States"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Zahray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology , Atlanta , United States"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology , Atlanta , United States"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022020408211309622_j_pjbr-2021-0033_ref_001","unstructured":"Grand View Research Choice, \u201cCollaborative robots market size, share and trends analysis report by payload capacity, by application (assembly, handling, packaging, quality testing), by vertical, by region, and segment forecasts, 2019\u20132025,\u201d Grand View Research Choice, Technical Report, 2018."},{"key":"2022020408211309622_j_pjbr-2021-0033_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. 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