{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:38:26Z","timestamp":1773797906364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Red Cross Blood Center Research Funds","award":["NO. BRCBC2023-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. BRCBC2023-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_almed-2025-0087_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility of urinary DNA as a noninvasive alternative for high-resolution HLA genotyping and validate its concordance with conventional blood-based methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_almed-2025-0087_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Matched urine and blood samples were collected from 11 healthy volunteers. Urinary DNA was extracted using an optimized column-based protocol, while blood DNA was processed via an automated system. High-resolution HLA typing for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 loci was performed using sequencing-based typing (SBT) and third-generation sequencing (TGS), with concordance rates assessed between sample\u00a0types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_almed-2025-0087_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average concentration of urinary DNA exhibited significantly lower concentrations than blood DNA (9.74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.52 vs. 33.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a026.78\u202fng\/\u03bcL, p\u00a0=\u00a00.001) but comparable purity (OD 260\/280 ratio: 1.65\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4 vs. 1.81\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.13, p\u00a0=\u00a00.068). Remarkably, both SBT and TGS achieved 100\u202f% concordance between urine- and blood-derived genotypes across five classical HLA loci, with TGS resolving full-length HLA sequences (5\u2032UTR\u20133\u2032UTR) at\u00a0\u226530\u00d7 coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_almed-2025-0087_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary DNA achieves blood-comparable accuracy in noninvasive HLA genotyping. Our optimized protocol overcomes DNA yield and purity limitations through dual-platform validation (SBT\/TGS), establishing urine as a clinically viable alternative for HLA profiling, especially where blood sampling is unfeasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/almed-2025-0087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T20:57:19Z","timestamp":1764968239000},"page":"52-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-invasive comparative study of HLA genotyping between urinary and blood DNA using sequencing-based typing and third-generation sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Cheng Yan","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu Jie","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Mei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan Yuan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan Jun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tie Cheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory , 498573 Beijing Red Cross Blood Center , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031722022631281_j_almed-2025-0087_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangum, DS, Caywood, E. 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