{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:09:32Z","timestamp":1784545772554,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study describes development and evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in bovines. The assay was developed using parasites specific genomic DNA and three sets of PCR primers targeting the Tams1, 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes of\n                    <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. Blood samples collected from a total of 461 bovines, suspected for haemoparasitic infections, were examined microscopically to record the status of infection and simultaneously, genomic DNA extracted from these blood samples were utilized for the optimization and validation of multiplex PCR assay. Microscopic examination of blood samples revealed presence of single and multiple species of haemoparasites in 25.8% and 2.4% samples, respectively. Results of multiplex PCR revealed the presence of single haemoparasitic species infection in 159 cases (34.5%), whereas mixed infection was recorded in 82 (17.8%) samples. Occurrence of individual species infection detected by mPCR in the study was 26.03% (120\/461) for\n                    <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 3.25% (15\/461) for\n                    <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 5.20% (24\/461) for\n                    <jats:italic>A. marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The detection limit of multiplex PCR assay was at the template dilutions of 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which corresponded to 0.1 pg, 0.1 pg and 10.0 pg of DNA for\n                    <jats:italic>T. annulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>A. marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>B. bigemina<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. Based on the high diagnostic sensitivity and throughput, multiplex PCR assay developed in the present study could be exploited as a tool to conduct large-scale epidemiological survey for tick-borne haemoparasitic infection of bovines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]],"date-time":"2018-10-27T05:05:05Z","timestamp":1540616705000},"page":"759-765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Development of multiplex PCR assay for concurrent detection of tick borne haemoparasitic infections in bovines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"V.R.","family":"Kundave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Partha S.","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Mahendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.V.P.P.S.","family":"Ravikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90008-B","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction based assay for the detection of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale DNA in bovine blood","volume":"50","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.02.020","article-title":"The epidemiology of tick-borne haemoparasites as determined by the reverse line blot hybridization assay in an intensively studied cohort of calves in western Kenya","volume":"210","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00018-9","article-title":"Co-feeding studies of ticks infected with Anaplasma marginale","volume":"112","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.10.002","article-title":"Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infection in carrier cattle","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00849.x","article-title":"Prospects for recombinant vaccines against Babesia bovis and related parasites","volume":"28","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.168-171","article-title":"Prevalence of theileriosis in cross-bred cattle: Its detection through blood smear examination and polymerase chain reaction in Dehradun district, Uttarakhand, India","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.012","article-title":"The natural history of Anaplasma marginale","volume":"167","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.2058","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a practical approach","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis"},{"key":"ref801","first-page":"378","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, risk factors and hematochemical alterations induced by Theileria annulata in bovines of Punjab (India)","volume":"60","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"132","article-title":"A PCR method targeting internal transcribed spacers: the simultaneous detection of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in cattle","volume":"59","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"ref681","first-page":"422","article-title":"Concomitant Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale infections in cross bred dairy herd","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science Research"},{"key":"ref751","first-page":"796","article-title":"Animal level risk factor associated with Babesia and Theileria infections in cattle in Egypt","volume":"62","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.11.005","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale in cattle","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"17","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoparasitic infections in dairy cattle (Friesian Breeds) at nagari integrated dairy farms, Gauta-Nike village, Keffi local government area, Nasarawa State, north central of Nigeria","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00849.x","article-title":"Prospects for recombinant vaccines against Babesia bovis and related parasites","volume":"28","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.574-578","article-title":"Influence of season, age and breed on prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle of Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00846-2","article-title":"Piroplasms of domestic animals in the Macedonia region of Greece. 3 Piroplasms of small ruminants","volume":"63","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.12.002","article-title":"Molecular tools-Advances, opportunities and prospects","volume":"136","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00464-2","article-title":"Bovine piroplasms in Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain): a comparison of PCR-based and light microscopy detection","volume":"99","year":"2001","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.05.019","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological survey and genetic analysis of vector-borne infections of cattle in Luzon Island, the Philippines","volume":"212","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-940X.2016.00151.0","article-title":"Prevalence of tropical theileriosis in cattle in Chhattisgarh state","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Research"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"1","article-title":"Occurrence of haemoprotozoan infection in bovines","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Bioresearch"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.09.008","article-title":"Molecular detection and genetic identification of Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata, Theileria orientalis and Anaplasma marginale in Turkey","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.2058","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a practical approach","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.10.2576-2582.1992","article-title":"Detection of Babesia bigemina-infected carriers by polymerase chain reaction amplification","volume":"30","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3329\/pa.v26i1.24516","article-title":"Current status of sub-clinical form of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle at Rangpur district in Bangladesh","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progressive Agriculture"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90008-B","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction based assay for the detection of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale DNA in bovine blood","volume":"50","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3684-9","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for diagnosis of Theileria uilenbergi, Theileria luwenshuni, and Theileria ovis in small ruminants","volume":"113","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.09.008","article-title":"Molecular detection and genetic identification of Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata, Theileria orientalis and Anaplasma marginale in Turkey","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"},{"key":"ref481","first-page":"112","article-title":"Application of multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of natural infection of theileriosis, babesiosis, and trypanosomosis in cattle","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.012","article-title":"The natural history of Anaplasma marginale","volume":"167","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00018-9","article-title":"Co-feeding studies of ticks infected with Anaplasma marginale","volume":"112","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.27.2.279-284.1989","article-title":"Detection and quantitation of Anaplasma marginale in carrier cattle by using a nucleic acid probe","volume":"27","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Molecular detection of anaplasmosis and babesiosis by duplex PCR in cattle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Improvement"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"378","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, risk factors and hematochemical alterations induced by Theileria annulata in bovines of Punjab (India)","volume":"60","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2360-1","article-title":"Study on the prevalence of a tick transmitted pathogen, Theileria annulata, and hematological profile in cattle from Southern Punjab (Pakistan)","volume":"109","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3684-9","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for diagnosis of Theileria uilenbergi, Theileria luwenshuni, and Theileria ovis in small ruminants","volume":"113","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3.4.S65","article-title":"Multiplex PCR: advantages, development, and applications","volume":"3","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genome Research"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2009.15-16","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in crossbred cattle in Banglore north","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00017-2","article-title":"A msp1 alpha polymerase chain reaction assay for specific detection and differentiation of Anaplasma marginale isolates","volume":"86","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4478-z","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for detection and discrimination of Theileria annulata and Theileria sergenti in cattle","volume":"114","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"87","article-title":"Biochemical changes associated with babesiosis infested cattle","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Chemistry"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.05.019","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological survey and genetic analysis of vector-borne infections of cattle in Luzon Island, the Philippines","volume":"212","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"796","article-title":"Animal level risk factor associated with Babesia and Theileria infections in cattle in Egypt","volume":"62","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00464-2","article-title":"Bovine piroplasms in Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain): a comparison of PCR-based and light microscopy detection","volume":"99","year":"2001","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref491","first-page":"509","article-title":"Incidence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle in Southern Rajasthan, India","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4478-z","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for detection and discrimination of Theileria annulata and Theileria sergenti in cattle","volume":"114","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"87","article-title":"Biochemical changes associated with babesiosis infested cattle","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Chemistry"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.11.005","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale in cattle","volume":"133","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"317","article-title":"Detection of native carrier cattle infected with Theileria annulata by semi-nested PCR and smear method in Golestan Province of Iran","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Applied Science Journal"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00846-2","article-title":"Piroplasms of domestic animals in the Macedonia region of Greece. 3 Piroplasms of small ruminants","volume":"63","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2360-1","article-title":"Study on the prevalence of a tick transmitted pathogen, Theileria annulata, and hematological profile in cattle from Southern Punjab (Pakistan)","volume":"109","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00017-2","article-title":"A msp1 alpha polymerase chain reaction assay for specific detection and differentiation of Anaplasma marginale isolates","volume":"86","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513-1874.1999.25.085","article-title":"Detection of bovine hemoparasite infection using multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"25","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science Asia"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05329.x","article-title":"Anaplasmosis control, past, present, and future","volume":"916","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the New Yark Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.574-578","article-title":"Influence of season, age and breed on prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle of Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2009.15-16","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoprotozoan diseases in crossbred cattle in Banglore north","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05329.x","article-title":"Anaplasmosis control, past, present, and future","volume":"916","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the New Yark Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.10.002","article-title":"Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infection in carrier cattle","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3329\/pa.v26i1.24516","article-title":"Current status of sub-clinical form of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle at Rangpur district in Bangladesh","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progressive Agriculture"},{"key":"ref741","first-page":"1","article-title":"Occurrence of haemoprotozoan infection in bovines","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Bioresearch"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2014.0345","article-title":"Diagnostic approaches for tick-borne haemoparasitic diseases in livestock","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"key":"ref581","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Molecular detection of anaplasmosis and babesiosis by duplex PCR in cattle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Improvement"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"509","article-title":"Incidence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle in Southern Rajasthan, India","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"112","article-title":"Application of multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of natural infection of theileriosis, babesiosis, and trypanosomosis in cattle","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref651","first-page":"132","article-title":"A PCR method targeting internal transcribed spacers: the simultaneous detection of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in cattle","volume":"59","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.168-171","article-title":"Prevalence of theileriosis in cross-bred cattle: Its detection through blood smear examination and polymerase chain reaction in Dehradun district, Uttarakhand, India","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.012","article-title":"Detection of Theileria ovis in naturally infected sheep by nested PCR","volume":"127","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.27.2.279-284.1989","article-title":"Detection and quantitation of Anaplasma marginale in carrier cattle by using a nucleic acid probe","volume":"27","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.12.002","article-title":"Molecular tools-Advances, opportunities and prospects","volume":"136","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"180","article-title":"Theileriosis in calves and its successful therapeutic management","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"ref571","first-page":"317","article-title":"Detection of native carrier cattle infected with Theileria annulata by semi-nested PCR and smear method in Golestan Province of Iran","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Applied Science Journal"},{"key":"ref631","first-page":"180","article-title":"Theileriosis in calves and its successful therapeutic management","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"ref781","first-page":"8","article-title":"Molecular prevalence of Babesia bigemina and Trypanosoma evansi in dairy animals from Punjab, India by duplex PCR: A step forward to detection and management of concurrent latent infections","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Research International"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2014.0345","article-title":"Diagnostic approaches for tick-borne haemoparasitic diseases in livestock","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"17","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoparasitic infections in dairy cattle (Friesian Breeds) at nagari integrated dairy farms, Gauta-Nike village, Keffi local government area, Nasarawa State, north central of Nigeria","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513-1874.1999.25.085","article-title":"Detection of bovine hemoparasite infection using multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"25","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science Asia"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-940X.2016.00151.0","article-title":"Prevalence of tropical theileriosis in cattle in Chhattisgarh state","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Research"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"422","article-title":"Concomitant Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale infections in cross bred dairy herd","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science Research"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.10.2576-2582.1992","article-title":"Detection of Babesia bigemina-infected carriers by polymerase chain reaction amplification","volume":"30","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.02.020","article-title":"The epidemiology of tick-borne haemoparasites as determined by the reverse line blot hybridization assay in an intensively studied cohort of calves in western Kenya","volume":"210","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.012","article-title":"Detection of Theileria ovis in naturally infected sheep by nested PCR","volume":"127","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"8","article-title":"Molecular prevalence of Babesia bigemina and Trypanosoma evansi in dairy animals from Punjab, India by duplex PCR: A step forward to detection and management of concurrent latent infections","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Research International"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3.4.S65","article-title":"Multiplex PCR: advantages, development, and applications","volume":"3","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genome Research"}],"container-title":["Acta Parasitologica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/ap.2018.63.issue-4\/ap-2018-0090\/ap-2018-0090.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/ap.2018.63.issue-4\/ap-2018-0090\/ap-2018-0090.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:06:22Z","timestamp":1775253982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/ap.2018.63.issue-4\/ap-2018-0090\/ap-2018-0090.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ap-2018-0090","relation":{},"ISSN":["1896-1851","1230-2821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1896-1851","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1230-2821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]}}}