{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:15:05Z","timestamp":1791141305203,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Here we report on the purification, structural characterization, and biological activity of a glycolipid, 2-\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\u03b1-L-rhamnopyranosyl-\u03b1-L-rhamnopyranosyl-\u03b1(\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    )-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-(\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    )-3-hydroxytetradecanoate (RL-2,2\n                    <jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) produced by\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\n                    <jats:italic>plantarii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . RL-2,2\n                    <jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\n                    is structurally very similar to a rhamnolipid exotoxin from\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and identical to the rhamnolipid of\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of melioidosis. Interestingly, RL-2,2\n                    <jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\n                    exhibits strong stimulatory activity on human mononuclear cells to produce tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, the overproduction of which is known to cause sepsis and the septic shock syndrome. Such a property has not been noted so far for rhamnolipid exotoxins, only for bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Consequently, we analyzed RL-2,2\n                    <jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\n                    with respect to its pathophysiological activities as a heat-stable extracellular toxin. Like LPS, the cell-stimulating activity of the rhamnolipid could be inhibited by incubation with polymyxin B. However, immune cell activation by RL-2,2\n                    <jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\n                    does nor occur via receptors that are involved in LPS (TLR4) or lipopeptide signaling (TLR2). Despite its completely different chemical structure, RL-2,2\n                    <jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\n                    exhibits a variety of endotoxin-related physicochemical characteristics, such as a cubic-inverted supramolecular structure. These data are in good agreement with our conformational concept of endotoxicity: intercalation of naturally originating virulence factors into the immune cell membrane leads to strong mechanical stress on integral proteins, eventually causing cell activation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bc.2006.040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,17]],"date-time":"2006-03-17T06:05:50Z","timestamp":1142575550000},"page":"301-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Endotoxin-like properties of a rhamnolipid exotoxin from\n                    <i>Burkholderia<\/i>\n                    (\n                    <i>Pseudomonas<\/i>\n                    )\n                    <i>plantarii<\/i>\n                    : immune cell stimulation and biophysical characterization"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"387","author":[{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Andr\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum for Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Rademann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungsinstitut f\u00fcr Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-R\u00f6ssle-Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany and Institut f\u00fcr Chemie, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum for Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel H.J.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Outstation Hamburg, EMBL c\/o DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Heine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum for Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Z\u00e4hringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum for Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum for Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071710035165439_ref1_w2aab3b7c19b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.2004.04134.x","volume":"271","author":"Andr\u00e4","year":"2004a","journal-title":"Eur. 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