{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:57:31Z","timestamp":1780099051259,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The recurrence rate of lymphoma is very high, and tumor stem cells may be an important mechanism. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) can inhibit antitumor immunity and promote cancer progression, but its role and mechanism in lymphoma are still unclear. Here we collected lymphoma tissue and peripheral blood from patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Results showed that CTLA-4 expression and CD44+ cell in the high-risk group were significantly higher than that in the low-risk group. Correlation analysis showed that CTLA-4 expression positively correlated with CD44+ cell in lymphoma tissue and regulatory T (Treg) cells in lymphocytes. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> experiment showed that CTLA-4 increased the ratio of lymphoma stem cells, and proliferation and invasion of lymphoma cells through TGF-\u03b2 pathway. Moreover, CTLA-4 enhanced the proliferation of Treg cells induced by lymphoma cells. Animal experiments showed that CTLA-4 can promote transplanted lymphoma growth. Immunohistochemistry results showed that both Ki-67 and CD44+ cells increased significantly in the CTLA-4 group. TGF-\u03b2 neutralization can significantly block these effects of CTLA-4. In conclusion, CTLA-4 promoted DLBCL progression through lymphoma stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2021-0094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T20:33:36Z","timestamp":1630960416000},"page":"909-919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["CTLA-4 promotes lymphoma progression through tumor stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Central Hospital of Yiyang City , Yiyang , Hunan, 413200 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100091 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Central Hospital of Yiyang City , Yiyang , Hunan, 413200 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Central Hospital of Yiyang City , Yiyang , Hunan, 413200 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiantao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Central Hospital of Yiyang City , Yiyang , Hunan, 413200 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100091 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100091 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092006442052266_j_biol-2021-0094_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappella A, Crombie J, Guidetti A, Vitolo U, Armand P, Corradini P. 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