{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:40:04Z","timestamp":1793731204115,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Globally, the trend of using food additives and eating ready-made fast food has led to a deleterious impact on immune organs. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), as a food additive in a high-lipid diet (HLD), acts as a silent killer of immune cells. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of MSG in HLD on spleen injury in rats. Results showed that a 2.52-fold and 1.91-fold increase in spleen index in MSG and MSG + HLD group indicates splenomegaly, whereas a 1.36-fold and 1.29-fold increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in MSG and MSG + HLD-fed rats, respectively, promote the inflammatory response. Additionally, MSG and MSG + HLD induce oxidative stress by 1.81-fold and 1.1-fold increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophage population, and 1.38-fold and 1.36-fold increased generation of ROS in lymphocytes population, respectively. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced by 1.43-fold and 1.18-fold in MSG and MSG + HLD groups. Therefore, the current study argues that MSG has more detrimental effects on the spleen than MSG + HLD due to the presence of antioxidants in HLD, which suppresses the deleterious impact of MSG. Hence, it can be inferred that MSG induces spleen injury via targeting redox-guided cellular signaling with inflammatory response, leading to severe immune system anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T11:20:19Z","timestamp":1643455219000},"page":"22-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Dietary food additive monosodium glutamate with or without high-lipid diet induces spleen anomaly: A mechanistic approach on rat model"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-2573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debasmita","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College , 9 William Carey Road , Serampore, Hooghly-712201 , West Bengal , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8727-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnab","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College , 9 William Carey Road , Serampore, Hooghly-712201 , West Bengal , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College , 9 William Carey Road , Serampore, Hooghly-712201 , West Bengal , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4176-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandip","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College , 9 William Carey Road , Serampore, Hooghly-712201 , West Bengal , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bithin Kumar","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology (UG & PG), Serampore College , 9 William Carey Road , Serampore, Hooghly-712201 , West Bengal , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee A\n, \nMukherjee S\n, \nMaji BK\n. Efficacy of Coccinia grandis against monosodium glutamate induced hepato-cardiac anomalies by inhibiting NF-kB and caspase 3 mediated signalling in rat model. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2021;40:1825\u201351. 10.1177\/09603271211010895.","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271211010895"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee A\n, \nMukherjee S\n, \nMaji BK\n. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep. 2021;8:938\u201361.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.04.009"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee A\n, \nDas D\n, \nPaul R\n, \nRoy S\n, \nBhattacharjee A\n, \nPrasad SK\n, et al. Altered composition of high-lipid diet may generate reactive oxygen species by disturbing the balance of antioxidant and free radicals. J Basic Clin Phys Pharm. 2020;31(3):15\u201320.","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2019-0141"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee A\n, \nDas D\n, \nPaul R\n, \nRoy S\n, \nDas U\n, \nSaha S\n, et al. Mechanistic study of attenuation of monosodium glutamate mixed high lipid diet induced systemic damage in rats by Coccinia grandis\n. Sci Rep. 2020;10:15443.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72076-6"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margin\u0103 D\n, \nUngurianu A\n, \nPurdel C\n, \nNi\u021bulescu GM\n, \nTsoukalas D\n, \nSarandi E\n, et al. Analysis of the intricate effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols on inflammatory pathways in health and disease. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;143:111558.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111558"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margin\u0103 D\n, \nUngurianu A\n, \nPurdel C\n, \nTsoukalas D\n, \nSarandi E\n, \nThanasoula M\n, et al. Chronic inflammation in the context of everyday life: dietary changes as mitigating factors. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4135.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114135"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_007","unstructured":"Gobatto CA\n, \nMello MAR\n, \nSouza CT\n, \nRibeiro IA\n. The monosodium glutamate (MSG) obese rat as a model for the study of exercise in obesity. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2002;111(1\u20134):89\u2013101."},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belluardo N\n, \nMudo G\n, \nBindoni M\n. Effects of early destruction of the mouse arcuate nucleus by MSG on age dependent natural killer activity. Brain Res. 1990;534(1\u20132):225\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90132-U"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Fuente M\n, \nMiquel J\n. An update of the oxidation-inflammation theory of aging: the involvement of the immune system in oxi-inflamm-aging. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(26):3003\u201326.","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209789058110"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheorghe A\n, \nP\u00e9rez de Heredia F\n, \nHunsche C\n, \nRedondo N\n, \nD\u00edaz LE\n, \nHern\u00e1ndez O\n, et al. Oxidative stress and immunosenescence in spleen of obese mice can be reversed by 2-hydroxyoleic acid. Exp Physiol. 2017;102(5):533\u201344.","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086157"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S\n, \nSun W\n, \nZhang K\n, \nZhu J\n, \nJia X\n, \nGuo X\n, et al. Selenium deficiency induces spleen pathological changes in pigs by decreasing selenoprotein expression, evoking oxidative stress, and activating inflammation and apoptosis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2021;12(1):65.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00587-x"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El-Aziz R, Naguib M, Rashed LA. Spleen size in patients with metabolic syndrome and its relation to metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Egypt J Intern Med. 2018;30:78\u201382.","DOI":"10.4103\/ejim.ejim_86_17"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gotoh K\n, \nInoue M\n, \nMasaki T\n, \nChiba S\n, \nShimasaki T\n, \nAndo H\n, et al. A novel anti-inflammatory role for spleen-derived interleukin-10 in obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation. J Neurochem. 2012;120(5):752\u201364.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07617.x"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu X\n, \nMa Z\n, \nFang J\n, \nCai D\n, \nZuo Z\n, \nLiang S\n, et al. Obesity enhances antioxidant capacity and reduces cytokine levels of the spleen in mice to resist splenic injury challenged by Escherichia coli. Immunol Res. 2020;2020:5948256. 10.1155\/2020\/5948256.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5948256"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengupta M\n, \nBishayi B\n. Effect of Lead and Arsenic on murine macrophage response. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2002;25(4):459\u201372.","DOI":"10.1081\/DCT-120014796"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_016","unstructured":"Wills ED\n. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation in lipids and biological membranes. In: \nSnell K\n, \nMullock B\n, editors. Biochemical toxicology: a practical approach. Oxford, England: IRL Press; 1987. p. 138\u201340"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raso GM, Meli R, Gualillo O, Pacilio M, Di Carlo R. Prolactin induction of nitric oxide synthase in rat C6 gliorna cells. J Neurochem. 1999;73(6):2272\u20137.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0732272.x"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauchamp C\n, \nFridovich I\n. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem. 1971;44(1):276\u201387.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beers RF\n, \nSizer IW\n. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem. 1952;195(1):133\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50881-X"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellman GL\n. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82(1):70\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowry OH\n, \nRosebrough NJ\n, \nFarr AL\n, \nRandall RJ\n. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265\u201375.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruett SB, Fan R, Zheng Q, Schwab C. Patterns of immunotoxicity associated with chronic as compared with acute exposure to chemical or physical stressors and their relevance with regard to the role of stress and with regard to immunotoxicity testing. Toxicol Sci. 2009;109(2):265\u201375.","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp073"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao S\n, \nWang Y\n, \nZhang P\n, \nDong Y\n, \nLi B\n. Subacute oral exposure to dibromoacetic acid induced immunotoxicity and apoptosis in the spleen and thymus of the mice. Toxicol Sci. 2008;105(2):331\u201341.","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn139"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luster MI\n, \nPortier C\n, \nPait DG\n, \nWhite KL Jr\n, \nGennings Jr C\n, \nMunson AE\n, et al. Risk assessment in immunotoxicology. I. Sensitivity and predictability of immune tests. Fundam Apple Toxicol. 1992;18(2):200\u201310.","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/18.2.200"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamath AB\n, \nXu H\n, \nNagarkatti PS\n, \nNagarkatti M\n. Evidence for the induction of apoptosis in thymocytes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in vivo\n. Toxicol Appl Pharm. 1997;142(2):367\u201377.","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.8049"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_026","unstructured":"Onyema OO\n, \nFarombi EO\n, \nEmerole GO\n, \nUkoha AI\n, \nOnyeze GO\n. Effects of Vitamin E on monosodium glutamate induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2006;43(1):20\u20134."},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu P\n, \nLiu Q\n, \nZheng R\n. Biphasic regulation of H2O2 on angiogenesis implicated NADPH oxidase. Cell Biol Int. 2010;34(10):1013\u201320.","DOI":"10.1042\/CBI20090092"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro A\n, \nBoveris A\n. Rat brain and liver mitochondria develop oxidative stress and lose enzymatic activities on aging. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004;287(5):R1244\u20139.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00226.2004"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurczuk M\n, \nMoniuszko-Jakoniuk J\n, \nBrzoska MM\n. Involvement of some low-molecular thiols in the peroxidative mechanisms of lead and ethanol action on rat liver and kidney. Toxicol. 2006;219(1\u20133):11\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.10.022"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javadov S\n, \nKarmazyn M\n. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening as an endpoint to initiate cell death and as a putative target for cardioprotection. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2007;20(1\u20134):1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1159\/000103747"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halestrap AP\n, \nMcStay GP\n, \nClarke SJ\n. The permeability transition pore complex: another view. Biochimie. 2002;84(2\u20133):153\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(02)01375-5"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_032","unstructured":"Cardoso DA\n, \nMoreira AS\n, \nde Oliveira GM\n, \nRaggio Luiz R\n, \nRosa G\n. A coconut extra virgin oil-rich diet increases HDL cholesterol and decreases waist circumference and body mass in coronary artery disease patients. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32(5):2144\u201352."},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H\n, \nWan Y\n, \nWang Y\n, \nZhao Y\n, \nZhang Y\n, \nZhang A\n, et al. Walnut polyphenol extract protects against fenitrothion-induced immunotoxicity in murine splenic lymphocytes. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1838.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121838"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deol P\n, \nEvans JR\n, \nDhahbi J\n, \nChellappa K\n, \nHan DS\n, \nSpindler S\n, et al. Soybean oil is more obesogenic and diabetogenic than coconut oil and fructose in mouse: potential role for the liver. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132672.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132672"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kono H\n, \nFujii H\n, \nAsakawa M\n, \nYamamoto M\n, \nMatsuda M\n, \nMaki A\n, et al. Protective effects of medium-chain triglycerides on the liver and gut in rats administered endotoxin. Ann Surg. 2003;237(2):246\u201355.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000048450.44868.B1"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue M\n, \nGotoh K\n, \nSeike M\n, \nMasaki T\n, \nHonda K\n, \nKakuma T\n, et al. Role of the spleen in the development of steatohepatitis in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2012;237(4):461\u201370.","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011230"},{"key":"2022120618363917025_j_biol-2022-0004_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z\n, \nLi N\n, \nWang B\n, \nLin J\n. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in rats is accelerated by splenic regulation of liver PTEN\/AKT. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(4):232\u20138.","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.161641"}],"container-title":["Open Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2022-0004\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2022-0004\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T22:29:24Z","timestamp":1670365764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2022-0004\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/biol-2022-0004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biol-2022-0004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2391-5412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2391-5412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}}}