{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:37:26Z","timestamp":1779889046240,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The valorization of agricultural by-products is a key strategy for environmental sustainability. This study focuses on optimizing the extraction of phenolic compounds from by-products (peels, fibrous strands, and seeds) of two Tunisian squash landraces (e.g. Bejaoui and Karkoubi) using the response surface methodology to enhance their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Ethanol concentration, extraction time, and temperature were the key parameters evaluated for their impact on phenolic compounds yield and bioactivity. High-performance liquid chromatography identified the major bioactive phenolic compounds, including vanillic acid, catechin gallate, hydroxytyrosol, and chlorogenic acid. The optimal extraction conditions for each by-product were defined as follows: Bejaoui peels (51.5% ethanol, 40.8\u00b0C, 50.5 min), fibrous strands (50.4% ethanol, 37.1\u00b0C, 36.3 min), and seeds (30% ethanol, 36.4\u00b0C, 8 min); Karkoubi peels (13.2% ethanol, 43.4\u00b0C, 47.2 min), fibrous strands (33.4% ethanol, 46.6\u00b0C, 10.8 min), and seeds (10.65% ethanol, 55.34\u00b0C, 23.16 min). The results demonstrated that optimizing extraction conditions may lead to significant enhancement of the total phenolic content and antiradical activity, with experimental values closely matching predictive models. Furthermore, the bioactive properties of these by-products, particularly their antibacterial activity, highlight their potential application as novel eco-friendly matrices for natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. This study underscores the importance of optimizing sustainable extraction techniques to maximize the valorization of agricultural waste, contributing to both environmental protection and the development of innovative natural products within the circular economy concept.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T15:55:29Z","timestamp":1745855729000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Walid","family":"Yeddes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901 , 2050 , Hammam-Lif , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feten Zar","family":"Kalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901 , 2050 , Hammam-Lif , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iness Bettaieb","family":"Rebey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901 , 2050 , Hammam-Lif , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majdi","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901 , 2050 , Hammam-Lif , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neji","family":"Tarchoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, B.P 47 , 4042 , Chott M\u00e9riem Sousse , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO) Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia , 5300-253 , Bragan\u00e7a , Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia , 5300-253 , Bragan\u00e7a , Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon A.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Thessaly, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, Fytokou Street , 38446 , Volos , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanen","family":"Falleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901 , 2050 , Hammam-Lif , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riadh","family":"Ksouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP 901 , 2050 , Hammam-Lif , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122123391340576_j_biol-2025-1096_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awad M, Fouda O, Fathy W, El Balkemy W, Egela M, El-Fakhrany W, et al. 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