{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:04:48Z","timestamp":1785431088586,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although citrus essential oils, including lemongrass essential oil, have antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and antioxidant properties, their biological instability and poor water solubility render them unsuitable for industrial usage. Thus, this study aimed to prepare both lemongrass essential oil emulsion (LEO-E) and lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion (LEO-NE), and evaluate their different bioactivities. Characterization by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectroscopy (GC\u2013MS) and evaluation of antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities were carried out. GC\u2013MS results illustrated that\n                    <jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>\n                    -limonene compound is the dominant among other compounds in LEO. According to transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, LEO-NE appeared as spherical-shaped droplets with a constant size spanning from 29.1 to 37.4\u2009nm with a polydispersity index value of 0.163. Antimicrobial results showed that LEO-NE exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Austromerope brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    with inhibition zones of 25.33 \u00b1 1.1, 26.5 \u00b1 0.5, 22 \u00b1 1, 24.33 \u00b1 0.5, 28.6 \u00b1 1, and 27.97 \u00b1 0.9\u2009mm, respectively. Moreover, LEO-NE showed considerable anti\u0640biofilm efficacy toward\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    with inhibition percentages at 1\/2 of MIC of 98.92 and 92.62%, respectively. Furthermore, LEO-NE exhibited antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method with 88.5% at 100\u2009\u00b5g\/mL concentration. In addition, LEO-NE displayed potential anticancer activity toward the human prostate cancer cell line (PC3) and human liver cancer cell line (Hep-G2), where IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values were 170.09 and 105.06%, respectively. In conclusion, the prepared LEO-NE in the current study had antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, which can be used in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:42:44Z","timestamp":1756456964000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mohamed T.","family":"Selim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo, 11884 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahaa M.","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University , Zarqa , Jordan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Assiut branch) , P.O. Box 71524 , Assiut , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salem S.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo, 11884 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathy M.","family":"Elkady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University , P.O. Box 11884 , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"Abdel-Maksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University , P.O. 2455 , Riyadh , 11451 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser Ibrahim","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo, 11884 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim M.","family":"Sobhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo, 11884 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled M.","family":"Shaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo, 11884 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo, 11884 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Sabeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo, 11884 , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department- College of Science- King Saud University , P.O. 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