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This work aims to evaluate the effects of GCN on the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    proliferation and death of human HaCaT keratinocytes. An\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model was created to simulate psoriatic features utilizing HaCaT keratinocytes activated by M5 cytokines. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test was used to quantify cell viability, whereas the BrdU assay was used to assess the proliferation rate. Using a DCFH-DA probe and an Annexin V-FITC\/propidium iodide detection kit, flow cytometry was used to examine the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, respectively. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were employed to determine the amounts of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and Akt proteins. GCN dramatically decreased the inflammation and hyperproliferation that cytokines caused in HaCaT keratinocytes. The alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential promoted apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase, which indicates apoptotic DNA fragmentation. The suppression of the PI3K\/Akt signalling pathway was linked to increased intracellular ROS levels brought on by GCN therapy. These results imply that GCN reduces inflammation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation by controlling cell cycle progression and apoptosis via ROS-associated inhibition of the PI3K\/Akt pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T03:02:12Z","timestamp":1758250932000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K\u2013Akt signalling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wenqian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao BinHai University , Qingdao , Shandong, 266404 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ezhou Central Hospital , Ezhou , Hubei, 436000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LiHong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Outpatient, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army , Chengdu , Sichuan, 610000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Skin Burn, The People\u2019s Hospital of Kaizhou District. CQ , Chongqing , 405400 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu P, Liu Y, Zhai H, Wu X, Liu A. Rutin alleviates psoriasis\u2010related inflammation in keratinocytes by regulating the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling. Skin Res Technol. 2024;30(8):70011.","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70011"},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquino TM, Calvarido MG, North JP. Interleukin 36 expression in psoriasis variants and other dermatologic diseases with psoriasis\u2010like histopathologic features. J Cutan Pathol. 2022;49(2):123\u201332.","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14115"},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J, Ren F, Yan W, Sang H. Kirenol inhibits TNF-\u03b1-induced proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells by regulating NF-\u03baB pathway. Qual Assur Saf Crop Foods. 2021;13(4):44\u201353.","DOI":"10.15586\/qas.v13i4.968"},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao J, Chen F, Fang H, Mi J, Qi Q, Yang M. Daphnetin inhibits proliferation and inflammatory response in human HaCaT keratinocytes and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesion in mice. Biol Res. 2020;53(1):48.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-020-00316-0"},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_005","unstructured":"Keskin S, Acikgoz E. Role of keratinocytes and immune cells as key actors in psoriasis. Int Res Rev Health Sci. 2023;1:202\u201314."},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albanesi C, Madonna S, Gisondi P, Girolomoni G. The interplay between keratinocytes and immune cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. 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Signaling pathways and targeted therapies for psoriasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):437.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01655-6"},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercurio L, Albanesi C, Madonna S. Recent updates on the involvement of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR molecular cascade in the pathogenesis of hyperproliferative skin disorders. Front Med. 2021;8:665647.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.665647"},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie X, Zhang L, Li X, Liu W, Wang P, Lin Y, et al. Liangxue jiedu formula improves psoriasis and dyslipidemia comorbidity via PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway. Front Pharmacology. 2021;12:591608.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.591608"},{"key":"2025122123391378351_j_biol-2025-1162_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv H, Liu X, Chen W, Xiao S, Ji Y, Han X, et al. 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