{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:35:29Z","timestamp":1792197329859,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncologic treatment by harnessing and reprogramming the immune system to target malignant cells. This review provides a comprehensive picture of modern approaches to immunotherapy-based treatment strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T cells, mRNA vaccines, and biomaterials-based platforms, with a focus on their translational value and application to precision medicine. Emerging insights into the tumor microenvironment, immune resistance mechanisms, and T-cell subpopulation dynamics (e.g., \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, exhausted CD8\u207a T cells) are analyzed to elucidate immunotherapy response variability. Biomaterials such as injectable scaffolds, nanogels, and artificial antigen-presenting cells enable localized and sustained immune modulation, improving delivery precision and therapeutic efficacy. Personalized approaches, including neoantigen vaccine development and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted biomarker prediction, are rapidly advancing individualized treatment regimens. Clinical trials illustrate how combination strategies with ICIs, chemotherapy, and nanomedicine enhance patient survival. Despite challenges including immune-related adverse events, manufacturing complexity, and global access disparities, integration of AI and multi-omics platforms promises to optimize patient stratification and therapeutic outcomes. This evolving paradigm positions personalized immunotherapy at the forefront of future oncologic care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T16:06:55Z","timestamp":1761840415000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University , Jiangsu , 214000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012819552564380_j_biol-2025-1179_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrissey KM, Yuraszeck TM, Li CC, Zhang Y, Kasichayanula S. Immunotherapy and novel combinations in oncology: current landscape, challenges, and opportunities. 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