{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T23:46:32Z","timestamp":1766360792667,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To investigate the causal relationship between two adverse reproductive outcomes (male infertility and spontaneous abortion) and COVID-19 infection using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. A two-sample MR study was conducted to examine potential causal links between COVID-19 infection severity and reproductive outcomes, using large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from European-ancestry populations. GWAS summary statistics were analyzed for COVID-19 phenotypes (infection:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,683,769; hospitalized:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,557,411; very severe respiratory-confirmed:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,388,342; critical illness:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10,056) and reproductive outcomes (spontaneous abortion:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 98,453; male infertility:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 73,479). Causal estimates were calculated using inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger regression, and weighted mode methods. IVW analysis revealed no significant association between genetic susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and male infertility (odds ratio [OR] = 0.7668; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3798\u20131.5484;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.4590) or spontaneous abortion (OR = 0.9936; 95% CI: 0.8066\u20131.2241;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.8518). Similar null associations between COVID-19 severity phenotypes (hospitalized, very severe respiratory-confirmed, and critical illness) and male infertility or spontaneous abortion were observed. Sensitivity analyses using alternative methods confirmed the absence of pleiotropy and heterogeneity. This two-sample MR analysis provides robust evidence against a causal relationship between COVID-19 and increased risks of male infertility or spontaneous abortion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T15:58:48Z","timestamp":1761839928000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 29 Long Tan Road , Tai\u2019an , Shandong, 271000 , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueshan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 29 Long Tan Road , Tai\u2019an , Shandong, 271000 , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University , Tai\u2019an , Shandong, 271000 , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 29 Long Tan Road , Tai\u2019an , Shandong, 271000 , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 29 Long Tan Road , Tai\u2019an , Shandong, 271000 , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 29 Long Tan Road , Tai\u2019an , Shandong, 271000 , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122123391374674_j_biol-2025-1188_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. 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