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The study was conducted for 8\u00a0weeks. GC analysis indicated that the main constituent of flaxseed oil is the omega-3 fatty acid \u03b1-linolenic acid methyl ester (44.89\u202f%). The positive control group showed severely altered lipid profile, liver enzymes, transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and liver histology, whereas treating the NAFLD with flaxseed oil or probiotic strains or their mix significantly improved lipid profile, liver enzyme, transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-6 \u201cIL-6\u201d), and significantly decreased oxidative stress levels than the positive control group. Flaxseed oil and\u00a0probiotics, separately and in combination, confer hepatoprotective effects against induced NAFLD in\u00a0rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:00:35Z","timestamp":1771484435000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flaxseed oil and probiotics protect against induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haddad A.","family":"El Rabey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Tabuk , 71421 , Tabuk , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha J.","family":"Balgoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alsieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel I.","family":"Alalawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Tabuk , 71421 , Tabuk , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moataz Y.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"El Hoseeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine , Suez University , Suez , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samar M.","family":"Rezk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Department , Mahalla Hepatology Teaching Hospital, GOTHI, Gharbyia, Ministry of Health and Population of Egypt , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Bakry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cord Blood Unit, Mansoura University Children Hospital , Mansoura , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021907003042929_j_biol-2025-1255_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolella, G, Mandato, C, Pierri, L, Poeta, M, Di Stasi, M, Vajro, P. 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