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Animal models are indispensable for IDD research, offering crucial tools to investigate the molecular mechanisms of disease onset and progression, as well as to evaluate potential therapeutic interventions. Current animal models for IDD include intervertebral disc injury, spontaneous degeneration, mechanically induced, and chemically induced models, each exhibiting unique strengths and limitations in mimicking the pathological features of human IDD. Despite these advancements, existing models continue to struggle with replicating the long-term, progressive nature of degeneration and the heterogeneity observed in human patients. With the emergence of bioengineering techniques and molecular imaging, novel approaches to model construction and evaluation have opened new avenues for IDD research. This review systematically synthesizes current strategies for constructing IDD animal models, their application characteristics, and associated challenges, while also projecting future research directions. The aim is to provide guidance for optimizing model selection and accelerating translational research in the field of\u00a0IDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:44:12Z","timestamp":1772462652000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Establishment and research progress of animal models for intervertebral disc degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University , 210008 Nanjing , Jiangsu , China"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery , Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , 210008 Nanjing , Jiangsu , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery , Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University , 210008 Nanjing , Jiangsu , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2552-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University , 210008 Nanjing , Jiangsu , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030214440465403_j_biol-2025-1295_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melrose, J, Guilak, F. 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