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This study employed a Transwell co-culture system of rat BMSCs and USMCs to investigate both the differentiation of BMSCs into USMCs and the involvement of protein acetylation and microRNA (miR)-214 in this transition. Our results showed that co-cultured BMSCs exhibited upregulated expression of smooth muscle markers (Calponin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain), enhanced contractility, and decreased CD44 levels. Furthermore, we observed increased protein acetylation and a time-dependent upregulation of miR-214 during differentiation. Enhancement of either protein acetylation or miR-214 expression promoted BMSCs differentiation toward a USMC lineage, with miR-214 overexpression also elevating overall protein acetylation levels. These findings demonstrate that BMSCs can be directed to differentiate into USMC-like cells under defined\n                    <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions, a process likely mediated by miR-214 through promotion of protein acetylation, thereby providing mechanistic insights and experimental support for stem cell-based therapies in uterine regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:32:58Z","timestamp":1779683578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell into uterine smooth muscle cell\n                    <i>in\u00a0vitro<\/i>\n                    study on the mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"ZhengYong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstertrics and Gynaecology, Guizhou Provincial People\u2019s Hospital , Guiyang City , Guizhou Province , 550002 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstertrics and Gynaecology, Guizhou Provincial People\u2019s Hospital , Guiyang City , Guizhou Province , 550002 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstertrics and Gynaecology, Guizhou Provincial People\u2019s Hospital , Guiyang City , Guizhou Province , 550002 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4946-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"XiaoLing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstertrics and Gynaecology, Guizhou Provincial People\u2019s Hospital , Guiyang City , Guizhou Province , 550002 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052504325158196_j_biol-2025-1312_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paping, A, Basler, C, Ehrlich, L, Fasting, C, Melchior, K, Ziska, T, et al.. 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