{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:03:33Z","timestamp":1779685413565,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy associated with poor outcomes for both mother and baby. An expanding body of research highlights the gut microbiota\u2019s influence on host metabolism and neurobehavioral processes, yet how gestational diabetes mellitus, anxiety symptoms, and microbial communities interact is still unclear. To address this gap, we profiled gut-microbiome changes in pregnant women presenting with both GDM and clinically significant anxiety. A total of 120 participants were categorized into four groups: GDM with anxiety (G\u00a0+\u00a0A), GDM without anxiety (G\u00a0+\u00a0NAF), non-GDM with anxiety (NG\u00a0+\u00a0A), and non-GDM without anxiety (NG\u00a0+\u00a0NA). Stool specimens were obtained and subjected to 16S rRNA gene profiling of the V3\u2013V4 hypervariable region using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Results showed significant differences in fasting blood glucose between GDM and non-GDM groups. GDM groups exhibited enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae and reduction of Faecalibacterium, while anxiety groups showed increased Lactococcus and Streptococcus. The dual-exposure group (G\u00a0+\u00a0A) demonstrated unique enrichment of oral-derived genera (e.g., Fusobacterium and Actinomyces). Among 963 OTUs identified, 681 were core OTUs shared across groups. GDM and anxiety groups possessed 42 and 32 unique OTUs, respectively, with 26 OTUs specific to the G\u00a0+\u00a0A group. LEfSe analysis revealed 16 phylogenetically conserved taxa distinguishing GDM and non-GDM groups, while anxiety-positive groups were characterized by Bacilli and Negativicutes. These findings suggest that GDM and anxiety are associated with distinct gut microbiota profiles, highlighting potential microbial biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:34:36Z","timestamp":1779683676000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus and anxiety symptoms and gut microbiome composition in pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushuang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , First Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China"},{"name":"Graduate School , Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z, Mei, L, Li, L, Xiao, J, Wu, X, Yuan, Y. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of twin pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2024;84:388\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-023-03588-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03588-0"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeting, A, Wong, J, Murphy, HR, Ross, GP. A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 2022;43:763\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003.","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Ouahabi, H, Doubi, S, Boujraf, S, Ajdi, F. Gestational diabetes and risk of developing postpartum type 2 diabetes: how to improve follow-up? Int J Prev Med 2019;10:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_3_17.","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_3_17"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, H, Hu, J, Liu, Y, Luo, B, Lei, A. Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Indian J Med Res 2021;154:62\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_852_18.","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_852_18"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visconti, A, Le Roy, CI, Rosa, F, Rossi, N, Martin, TC, Mohney, RP, et al.. Interplay between the human gut microbiome and host metabolism. Nat Commun 2019;10:4505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-12476-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12476-z"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mithieux, G. Gut microbiota and host metabolism: what relationship. Neuroendocrinology 2018;106:352\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000484526.","DOI":"10.1159\/000484526"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faravelli, C, Lo Sauro, C, Godini, L, Lelli, L, Benni, L, Pietrini, F, et al.. Childhood stressful events, HPA axis and anxiety disorders. World J Psychiatry 2012;2:13\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5498\/wjp.v2.i1.13.","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v2.i1.13"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juruena, MF, Eror, F, Cleare, AJ, Young, AH. The role of early life stress in HPA axis and anxiety. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1191:141\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0_9.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0_9"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braga, JD, Yang, Y, Nagao, T, Kato, N, Yanaka, N, Nishio, K, et al.. Fructooligosaccharides and Aspergillus enzymes increase brain GABA and homocarnosine by modulating microbiota in adolescent mice. npj Sci Food 2025;9:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41538-025-00383-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-025-00383-1"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marano, G, Rossi, S, Sfratta, G, Traversi, G, Lisci, FM, Anesini, MB, et al.. Gut microbiota: a new challenge in mood disorder research. Life (Basel) 2025;15:593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15040593.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040593"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, HK, Rose, D, Ashwood, P. The gut microbiota and dysbiosis in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018;18:81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-018-0887-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0887-6"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan, KJ, Moloney, GM, Keane, L, Clarke, G, Cryan, JF. The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: therapeutic implications. Cell Rep Med 2025;6:101982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Y, Zuo, T, Xu, Z, Zhang, F, Zhan, H, Chan, D, et al.. Underdevelopment of the gut microbiota and bacteria species as non-invasive markers of prediction in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gut 2022;71:910\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-324015.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-324015"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, T, Brushett, S, Prins, J, Zhernakova, A. The maternal gut microbiome during pregnancy and its role in maternal and infant health. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023;74:102309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102309.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102309"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dualib, MP, Ogassavara, J, Mattar, R, da Silva, EMK, Dib, SA, de Almeida Pititto, B. Gut microbiota and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021;180:109078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109078.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109078"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, D, Huang, J, Wu, J, Xie, K, Gao, X, Yan, K, et al.. Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal gut microbiota-derived multiple hits connected to development of gestational diabetes mellitus in humans. Gut Microbes 2023;15:2154552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2022.2154552.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2154552"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dan, Y, Cai, S, Zhang, X, Tang, J, Yu, J, Tu, M, et al.. Untargeted metabolomics study of mature human milk from women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. Food Chem 2024;460:140663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140663.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140663"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobo, F, Aguilera-Franco, M, P\u00e9rez-Carrasco, V, Garc\u00eda-Salcedo, JA, Navarro-Mar\u00ed, JM. Bacteremia caused by Veillonella parvula: two case reports and a review of the literature. Anaerobe 2024;88:102879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2024.102879.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2024.102879"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S, Singh, S, Singh, V, Roberts, KD, Zaidi, A, Rodriguez-Palacios, A. The Weissella genus: clinically treatable bacteria with probiotic\/postbiotic potential and health benefits. Microorganisms 2022;10:2427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10122427.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122427"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorboni, SG, Moghaddam, HS, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani, R, Soleimanpour, S. A comprehensive review on the role of the gut microbiome in human neurological disorders. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022;35:e00338-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00338-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00338-20"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo, JA, Forsythe, P, Chew, MV, Escaravage, E, Savignac, HM, Dinan, TG, et al.. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:16050\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1102999108.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bercik, P, Park, AJ, Sinclair, D, Khoshdel, A, Lu, J, Huang, X, et al.. The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication. Neuro Gastroenterol Motil 2011;23:1132\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01796.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01796.x"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toriumi, K, Miyashita, M, Suzuki, K, Yamasaki, N, Yasumura, M, Horiuchi, Y, et al.. Vitamin B6 deficiency hyperactivates the noradrenergic system, leading to social deficits and cognitive impairment. Transl Psychiatry 2021;11:262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01381-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01381-z"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_024","unstructured":"University of Reading. Vitamin B6 supplements could reduce anxiety and depression. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2022. https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/958719 [Accessed 19 July 2022]."},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, DT, Cracknell, RO, Eastwood, JR, Scarfe, P, Williams, CM, Zheng, Y, et al.. High-dose vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2022;37:e2852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.2852.","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2852"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrani, D, Idrees, R, Idrees, H, Ellahi, A. Vitamin B6: a new approach to lowering anxiety, and depression? Ann Med Surg 2022;82:104663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104663.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104663"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q, Wang, W, Li, Y, Cui, J, Zhu, M, Liu, Y, et al.. The oral-gut microbiota axis: a link in cardiometabolic diseases. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2025;11:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-025-00646-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00646-5"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elzayat, H, Mesto, G, Al-Marzooq, F. Unraveling the impact of gut and oral microbiome on gut health in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutrients 2023;15:3377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15153377.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153377"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C, Du, M, Xie, L, Wang, W, Chen, B, Yun, C, et al.. Gut commensal Christensenella minuta modulates host metabolism via acylated secondary bile acids. Nat Microbiol 2024;9:434\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-023-01570-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01570-0"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ang, WS, Law, JW, Letchumanan, V, Hong, KW, Wong, SH, Ab Mutalib, NS, et al.. A keystone gut bacterium Christensenella minuta\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a potential biotherapeutic agent for obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Foods 2023;12:2485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods12132485.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12132485"},{"key":"2026052504343445109_j_biol-2025-1317_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostic, AD, Gevers, D, Siljander, H, Vatanen, T, Hy\u00f6tyl\u00e4inen, T, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A-M, et al.. The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes. Cell Host Microbe 2015;17:260\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.001"}],"container-title":["Open Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1317\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:34:45Z","timestamp":1779683685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1317\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/biol-2025-1317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1317","relation":{},"ISSN":["2391-5412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2391-5412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"20251317"}}