{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T14:03:23Z","timestamp":1784469803552,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to identify novel natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and evaluate the effects of avocado oil unsaponifiable (AOU),\n                    <jats:italic>Ganoderma lucidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore oil (GLSO), and\n                    <jats:italic>Ximenia americana<\/jats:italic>\n                    seed oil (XASO) on skin barrier repair at cellular and human levels, elucidating their combined mechanisms. The oils were extracted using molecular distillation, supercritical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    extraction, and cold pressing. PPAR activation was assessed via luciferase activity in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293T). A blend of the three oils (AGX) was further examined in HaCaT\u00a0cells using immunofluorescence. A three-dimensional (3D) human skin model was used to evaluate AGX\u2019s effects on barrier-related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>LOR, DSG1, TGM1, CLDN1, CER<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). A clinical trial measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration (SCH). AGX significantly activated\n                    <jats:italic>PPAR\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -LBD and\n                    <jats:italic>PPAR\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    -LBD transcription and upregulated\n                    <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>LOR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>DSG1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TGM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>CLDN1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01).\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , both 2\u202f% and 4\u202f% AGX reduced TEWL and increased SCH (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). AOU and XASO activated PPAR pathway genes (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>ANGPTL4, ILK<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and downregulated\n                    <jats:italic>MMP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . AGX repaired the skin barrier via PPAR pathways and may be a promising therapy for dermatological conditions involving barrier impairment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:56:07Z","timestamp":1783443367000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plant oil complex: dual activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors \u03b1 and\n                    <i>\u03b3<\/i>\n                    to enhance skin barrier function"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Center, Hangzhou Lanjiang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Center, Hangzhou Lanjiang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Center, Hangzhou Lanjiang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laidi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Lab, Hangzhou Shiguang Xinya Biotechnology Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Center, Hangzhou Lanjiang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Center, Hangzhou Lanjiang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Center, Hangzhou Lanjiang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuankun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Lab, Hangzhou Shiguang Xinya Biotechnology Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation Center, Hangzhou Lanjiang Cosmetics Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou 310019 , Zhe jiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071913582623040_j_biol-2025-1347_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z, Dragan, M, Sun, P, Haensel, D, Vu, R, Cui, L, et al.. 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