{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:25:36Z","timestamp":1786955136919,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Maternal health during pregnancy is a leading factor influencing offspring risk. This study investigated whether postnatal dietary supplementation could reduce oxidative stress and gut leakiness in a rat model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Male rat pups were prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce ASD-like conditions. A total of 54 offspring of Wistar albino rats were divided into nine groups to evaluate various postnatal treatments, including an artichoke-based prebiotic (AR), probiotics (Pro), and omega-3 fatty acids (\u03c93). The experimental design also included control groups (saline, VPA-only, and LPS-only), as well as a protective regimen in which AR was administered both prenatally and postnatally. Oxidative stress and gut permeability \u201cleakiness\u201d were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Prenatal exposure to VPA and LPS was associated with increased oxidative stress levels in brain homogenates, accompanied by a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH). Additionally, elevated plasma levels of gut permeability biomarkers were observed. In the VPA model, treatment with artichoke-derived prebiotics \u2013 administered either prenatally, postnatally, or in combination with probiotics \u2013 effectively improved oxidative stress markers, as evidenced by a significant increase in GSH levels. Conversely, similar interventions in the LPS-induced maternal immune activation model did not significantly ameliorate oxidative stress, although a modest increase in GSH levels was noted. Plasma levels of gut permeability biomarkers did not show significant improvement in either model following treatment with artichoke-derived probiotics alone or in combination with probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids. However, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein levels were significantly reduced in all treatment groups across both models. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels were not significantly reduced by artichoke extract monotherapy in either model, although combination therapy with probiotics and\/or omega-3s led to significant reductions in LBP. These results support the use of both VPA and LPS as complementary models for studying ASD. The VPA model, characterized by direct and predictable neurotoxic effects, appears to be more suitable for evaluating preventive interventions. In contrast, the LPS model more accurately captures the complex immune-inflammatory mechanisms implicated in ASD, highlighting the need for broader and more individualized treatment strategies. The differing responses to artichoke-based interventions in these models underscore the importance of considering ASD etiology when designing dietary and microbiome-targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T07:57:07Z","timestamp":1786953427000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of artichoke extracts and probiotic on maternal immunological activation, valproic acid-induced oxidative stress, and gut leakiness in a rat model of autism"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Maha K.","family":"Alaskar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences , King Saud University , Riyadh 11495 , Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science , Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Alonazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences , King Saud University , Riyadh 11495 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abir","family":"Ben Bacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences , King Saud University , Riyadh 11495 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3942-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz Mohammad","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences , King Saud University , Riyadh 11495 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9407-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musarat","family":"Amina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh 11495 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal M.","family":"Al Musayeib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh 11495 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4413-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameera","family":"Abuaish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine , Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh 11671 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afaf K.","family":"El-Ansary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research and Treatment Center , Riyadh 11495 , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulanger-Bertolus, J, Pancaro, C, Mashour, GA. Increasing role of maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2018;12:230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00230.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00230"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, VX, Patel, S, Jones, HF, Dale, RC. Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2021;17:564\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-021-00530-8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00530-8"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minakova, E, Warner, BB. Maternal immune activation, central nervous system development and behavioral phenotypes. Birth Defects Res 2018;110:1539\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1416.","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1416"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B, Wang, X, Nazarali, AJ. Ascorbic acid reverses valproic acid-induced inhibition of Hoxa2 and maintains glutathione homeostasis in mouse embryos in culture. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010;30:137\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-009-9438-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-009-9438-7"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, E, Buzzelli, V, Manduca, A, Leone, S, Rava, A, Trezza, V. Maternal immune activation induced by prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure leads to long-lasting autistic-like social, cognitive, and immune alterations in male Wistar rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:3920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24043920.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043920"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015blik, M, Zawadzka, A, Czapski, GA, Wilkaniec, A, Adamczyk, A. Developmental stage-dependent changes in mitochondrial function in the brain of offspring following prenatal maternal immune activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:7243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087243.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087243"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tung, EW, Winn, LM. Valproic acid increases formation of reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis in postimplantation embryos: a role for oxidative stress in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects. Mol Pharmacol 2011;80:979\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/mol.111.072314.","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.072314"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asghar, MA, Tang, S, Wan, B, Chen, Y, Zhang, X, Zhao, Q. Valproic acid-induced oxidative stress: systematic review, meta-analysis and network pharmacology highlights disruption in antioxidant pathways in rodents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2025;494:117160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2024.117160.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2024.117160"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, D, Xu, Y, Tian, F, Zhou, Y, Chen, D, Wang, Y. Establishment of animal models and behavioral studies for autism spectrum disorders. J\u00a0Int Med Res 2024;52:3000605241245293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605241245293.","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605241245293"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodges, H, Fealko, C, Soares, N. Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Transl Pediatr 2020;9:S55\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp.2019.09.09.","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.09.09"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirota, T, King, BH. Autism spectrum disorder: a review. JAMA. 2023;329:157\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.23661.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23661"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_012","unstructured":"Hodis, B, Mughal, S, Saadabadi, A. Autism spectrum disorder. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025."},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_013","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and, Prevention. Autism prevalence studies data table. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/autism\/data-research\/data-table.html."},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_014","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Newsroom\/fact sheets\/detail\/autism; 2026. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/factsheets\/detail\/autism-spectrum-disorders."},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, SL, Cobb, J, Agarwal, R, Maddux, M, Cooke, MS. How robust is the evidence for a role of oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities? J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord 2021;51:1428\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04611-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04611-3"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L, Shi, XJ, Liu, H, Mao, X, Gui, LN, Wang, H, et al.. Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (N = 9109). Transl Psychiatry 2021;11:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-01135-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01135-3"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X, Lin, J, Zhang, H, Khan, NU, Zhang, J, Tang, X, et al.. Oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder-current progress of mechanisms and biomarkers. Front Psychiatr 2022;13:813304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.813304.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.813304"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usui, N, Kobayashi, H, Shimada, S. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:5487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065487.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065487"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vellingiri, B, Aishwarya, SY, Benita Jancy, S, Sriram Abhishek, G, Winster Suresh Babu, H, Vijayakumar, P, et al.. An anxious relationship between autism spectrum disorder and gut microbiota: a tangled chemistry? J\u00a0Clin Neurosci Off J Neurosurgical Soc Australasia 2022;99:169\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.03.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.03.003"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Grady, K, Grabrucker, AM. Metal dyshomeostasis as a driver of gut pathology in autism spectrum disorders. J\u00a0Neurochem 2025;169:e70041.","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70041"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z, Zhou, Y, Chen, K, Wang, J, Liu, X, Jia, P. Gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder: advances in dietary intervention strategies based on the microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanism. Front Neurosci 2025;19:1587818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1587818.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1587818"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HuT, DY, He, C, Zhao, M, He, Q. The gut microbiota and oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020;2020:8396708.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8396708"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khayyat, IA, Alabdali, AN, Alonazi, M, Alzahrani, AA, Al-Shehri, E, Ben Bacha, A. Luteolin mitigates oxidative stress and multi-organ impairment in a propionic acid-induced rodent model of autism. Front Nutr 2025;12:1583119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1583119.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1583119"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srikantha, P, Mohajeri, MH. The possible role of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis in autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:2115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20092115.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092115"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S, Han, F, Wang, Q, Fan, F. Probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: a narrative review. J\u00a0Integr Neurosci 2024;23:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.jin2301020.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2301020"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, T, Wang, J. Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review. Gut Microbes 2020;12:1801944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2020.1801944.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1801944"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, P, Zhao, S, Zhang, Y, Li, EA. Review of probiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: perspectives from the gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol 2023;14:1123462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1123462.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1123462"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, H, Lyu, Y, Nakayama, Y, Nakamura, F, Watanabe, A, Miyakawa, H, et al.. Combinatorial effects of soluble, insoluble, and organic extracts from Jerusalem artichokes on gut microbiota in mice. Microorganisms 2020;8:954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8060954.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060954"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olas, B. An overview of the versatility of the parts of the globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), its by-products and dietary supplements. Nutrients 2024;16:599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16050599.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050599"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsubaiei, SRM, Alfawaz, HA, Bhat, RS, El-Ansary, A. Nutritional intervention as a complementary neuroprotective approach against propionic acid-induced neurotoxicity and associated biochemical autistic features in rat pups. Metabolites 2023;13:738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13060738.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13060738"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghamdi, MA, Al-Ayadhi, L, Hassan, WM, Bhat, RS, Alonazi, MA, El-Ansary, A. Bee pollen and probiotics may alter brain neuropeptide levels in a rodent model of autism spectrum disorders. Metabolites 2022;12:562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12060562.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12060562"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, T, Przew\u0142ocki, R. Behavioral alterations in rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid: animal model of autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:80\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.npp.1300518.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300518"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfawaz, H, Bhat, RS, Al-Mutairi, M, Alnakhli, OM, Al-Dbass, A, AlOnazi, M, et al.. Comparative study on the independent and combined effects of omega-3 and vitamin B12 on phospholipids and phospholipase A2 as phospholipid hydrolyzing enzymes in PPA-treated rats as a model for autistic traits. Lipids Health Dis 2018;17:205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-018-0850-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0850-1"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015blik, M, Gassowska-Dobrowolska, M, Zawadzka, A, Frontczak-Baniewicz, M, Gewartowska, M, Dominiak, A, et al.. The synaptic dysregulation in adolescent rats exposed to maternal immune activation. Front Mol Neurosci 2021;13:555290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2020.555290.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.555290"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tartaglione, AM, Villani, A, Ajmone-Cat, MA, Minghetti, L, Ricceri, L, Pazienza, V, et al.. Maternal immune activation induces autism-like changes in behavior, neuroinflammatory profile and gut microbiota in mouse offspring of both sexes. Transl Psychiatry 2022;12:384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-02149-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02149-9"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavel, S, Pell\u00e9, L, Andres, CR. Impact of maternal microbiota imbalance during pregnancy on fetal cerebral neurodevelopment: is there a link to certain autistic disorders? Brain Behav Immun Health 2025;48:101074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101074.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101074"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knapp, S, de Vos, AF, Florquin, S, Golenbock, DT, van der Poll, T. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein is an essential component of the innate immune response to Escherichia coli peritonitis in mice. Infect Immun 2003;71:6747\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.71.12.6747-6753.2003.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.6747-6753.2003"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S, Zhang, N, Li, W, Zhang, HL, Wang, XX. Gastrointestinal problems in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism: from maternal intestinal health to offspring intestinal function. World J Psychiatr 2024;14:1095\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5498\/wjp.v14.i7.1095.","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v14.i7.1095"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015blik, M, G\u0105ssowska-Dobrowolska, M, J\u0119\u015bko, H, Czapski, GA, Wilkaniec, A, Zawadzka, A, et al.. Maternal immune activation induces neuroinflammation and cortical synaptic deficits in the adolescent rat offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:4097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21114097.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114097"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0105ssowska-Dobrowolska, M, Cie\u015blik, M, Czapski, GA, J\u0119\u015bko, H, Frontczak-Baniewicz, M, Gewartowska, M, et al.. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid affects microglia and synaptic ultrastructure in a brain-region-specific manner in young-adult male rats: relevance to autism spectrum disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:3576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21103576.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103576"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taleb, A, Lin, W, Xu, X, Zhang, G, Zhou, QG, Naveed, M, et al.. Emerging mechanisms of valproic acid-induced neurotoxic events in autism and its implications for pharmacological treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;137:111322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111322"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, B, Nunes, RKS, Cazarin, CA, Silva, TFQE, Sievers, J, Nilz, ACDS, et al.. Valproic acid-induced autistic-like behavior is accompanied by intestinal damage driving changes in gut permeability in a sex-dependent way in rats. J\u00a0Neurochem 2025;169:e70316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.70316.","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70316"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, S, Parvez, S. An in\u00a0vitro approach to assess the neurotoxicity of valproic acid-induced oxidative stress in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of young rats. Neuroscience 2012;225:258\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.08.060.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.08.060"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawadzka, A, Cie\u015blik, M, Adamczyk, A. The role of maternal immune activation in the pathogenesis of autism: a review of the evidence, proposed mechanisms and implications for treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:11516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111516.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111516"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao, EY, McBride, SW, Hsien, S, Sharon, G, Hyde, ER, McCue, T, et al.. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 2013;155:1451\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E, Paik, D, Ramirez, RN, Biggs, DG, Park, Y, Kwon, HK, et al.. Maternal gut bacteria drive intestinal inflammation in offspring with neurodevelopmental disorders by altering the chromatin landscape of CD4+ T\u00a0cells. Immunity 2022;55:145\u201358.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.11.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.11.005"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kearns, R. Gut-brain axis and neuroinflammation: the role of gut permeability and the kynurenine pathway in neurological disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024;44:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-024-01496-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01496-z"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bora, SS, Gogoi, R, Sharma, MR, Anshu Borah, MP, Deka, P, Bora, J, et al.. Microplastics and human health: unveiling the gut microbiome disruption and chronic disease risks. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024;14:1492759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1492759.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1492759"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Abbeele, P, Ghyselinck, J, Marzorati, M, Villar, A, Zangara, A, Smidt, CR, et al.. In vitro evaluation of prebiotic properties of a commercial artichoke inflorescence extract revealed bifidogenic effects. Nutrients 2020;12:1552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12061552.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061552"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quizhpe, J, Pe\u00f1alver, R, Ayuso, P, Nieto, G. Nutritionally improved gluten-free breads fortified with soluble fiber and bioactive compounds from artichoke and broccoli By-Products. Molecules 2026;31:152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31010152.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31010152"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mysonhimer, AR, Cannavale, CN, Bailey, MA, Khan, NA, Holscher, HD. Prebiotic consumption alters microbiota but not biological markers of stress and inflammation or mental health symptoms in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. The J Nutr 2023;153:1283\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.02.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.02.015"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z, Wu, C, Sun, Z, Lin, Z, Sun, Y, Amjad, N, et al.. Gut microbiota remodeling exacerbates neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction via the microbiota-gut-brain axis in prenatal VPA-exposed C57BL\/6 mice offspring. Front Immunol 2025;16:1633680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633680.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633680"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurhaluk, N, Kami\u0144ski, P, Bilski, R, Ko\u0142odziejska, R, Wo\u017aniak, A, Tkaczenko, H. Role of antioxidants in modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2025;26:3658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26083658.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083658"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ad\u0131g\u00fczel, E, \u00c7i\u00e7ek, B, \u00dcnal, G, Ayd\u0131n, MF, Barlak-Keti, D. Probiotics and prebiotics alleviate behavioral deficits, inflammatory response, and gut dysbiosis in prenatal VPA-induced rodent model of autism. Physiol Behav 2022;256:113961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113961.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113961"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A, Ezeugwa, J, Ezeugwu, VE. A systematic review of the associations between sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS One 2024;19:e0293382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293382.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293382"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayuso, P, Quizhpe, J, Mdl\u00c1, R, Pe\u00f1alver, R, Nieto, G. Bioactive compounds, health benefits and food applications of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and artichoke by-products: a review. Appl Sci 2024;14:4940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14114940.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114940"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messinese, E, Vald\u00e9s, A, Cavazza, A, Cifuentes, A. Exploring neuroprotective potential of bioactive compounds obtained from artichoke by-products by pressurized liquid extraction via response surface methodology. Int J Mol Sci 2026;27:4059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27094059.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27094059"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z, Liu, X, Yang, Z, Jiang, L, Tang, C, Mo, X. The protective effect of probiotics on intestinal mucosal injury and dysbiosis in infants with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Front Immunol 2026;17:1759934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1759934.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1759934"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, QX, Loke, W, Venkatanarayanan, N, Lim, DY, Soh, AYS, Yeo, WS. A systematic review of the role of prebiotics and probiotics in autism spectrum disorders. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019;55:129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55050129.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050129"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince, N, Peralta Marzal, LN, Markidi, A, Ahmed, S, Adolfs, Y, Pasterkamp, RJ, et al.. Prebiotic diet normalizes aberrant immune and behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024;45:1591\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41401-024-01268-x.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01268-x"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, XW, Qiu, F, Liu, Y, Yang, JZ, Chen, LJ, Li, JH, et al.. Inulin alleviates perinatal 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) exposure-induced intestinal toxicity by reshaping the gut microbiota and suppressing the enteric-origin LPS\/TLR4\/NF-\u03bab pathway in dams and pups. Environ Pollut (Barking, Essex: 1987) 2024;346:123659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123659.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123659"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, L, Wirth, U, Koch, D, Schirren, M, Drefs, M, Koliogiannis, D, et al.. The role of gut-derived lipopolysaccharides and the intestinal barrier in fatty liver diseases. J\u00a0Gastrointest Surg Off J Soc Surg Aliment Tract 2022;26:671\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11605-021-05188-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-021-05188-7"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J, Zhang, L, Wu, D, Zhao, D, Ying, S, Ding, S. Lipopolysaccharide induces neuroinflammation in a valproic acid male model of autism. Brain Res Bull 2025;220:111154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111154.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111154"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shreya, S, Mohanty, B. Prebiotic fructooligosaccharides ameliorate the lipopolysaccharides-induced oxidative stress of mice brain. J\u00a0Appl Pharmaceut Sci 2024;14:273\u20139.","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2023.159123"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ting\u00f6, L, Hutchinson, AN, Bergh, C, Stiefvatter, L, Schweinlin, A, Jensen, MG, et al.. Potential modulation of inflammation by probiotic and Omega-3 supplementation in elderly with chronic low-grade Inflammation-a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients 2022;14:3998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14193998.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193998"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S, DeCoffe, D, Brown, K, Rajendiran, E, Estaki, M, Dai, C, et al.. Fish oil attenuates omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced dysbiosis and infectious colitis but impairs LPS dephosphorylation activity causing sepsis. PLoS One 2013;8:e55468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0055468.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055468"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, B, Zhao, D, Zhou, S, Kang, JX, Wang, B. Insight into the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on gut microbiota: impact of a balanced tissue omega-6\/omega-3 ratio. Front Nutr 2025;12:1575323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1575323.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1575323"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_068","unstructured":"Alaskar, MK, Alonazi, M, Ben Bacha, A, Alamri, AM, Abuaish, S, Aloudah, HS, et al.. Comparative study of the impact of maternal immune activation and valproic acid on autism-like behavior in rats. Manuscript submitted for publication; 2026 (under publication)."},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K, Huang, Y, Zhu, Y, Zhao, Y, Kong, X. The role of maternal immune activation in immunological and neurological pathogenesis of autism. J\u00a0Neurorestoratol 2023;11:100030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnrt.2022.100030.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnrt.2022.100030"},{"key":"2026081707565139221_j_biol-2025-1355_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, KF, Niu, CS, Tsai, JC, Yang, CL, Peng, WH, Niu, HS. Comparison of area under the curve in various models of diabetic rats receiving chronic medication. Arch Med Sci AMS 2020;18:1078\u201387.","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.91471"}],"container-title":["Open Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1355\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T07:57:57Z","timestamp":1786953477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1355\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/biol-2025-1355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2391-5412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2391-5412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"20251355"}}