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This review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of cationic and anionic defense peptides, indicating peptide-based as well as microbial cell-based factors affecting this activity. The peptide-based factors include charge, hydrophibicity, and amphipathicity, whereas the pathogen-based factors are membrane lipid composition, presence of sterols, membrane fluidity, cell wall components, and secreted factors such as extracellular proteinases. Since defense peptides have been considered very promising molecules that could replace conventional antibiotics in the era of drug-resistant pathogens, the issue of microbial resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is addressed. Furthermore, selected approaches employed for optimization and\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    design of effective AMPs based on the properties recognized as important for the function of natural defense peptides are presented.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2015-0014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T09:11:08Z","timestamp":1437642668000},"page":"237-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Defense peptides: recent developments"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Cytry\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Immunobiology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zdybicka-Barabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Immunobiology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120518061187010_j_bmc-2015-0014_ref_001_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab2b2b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour SC, Pena OM, Hancock RE. 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