{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T10:00:49Z","timestamp":1780221649745,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In schizophrenia, a single latent trait underlies psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, negative (PHEMN) symptoms, formal thought disorders (FTD) and psychomotor retardation (PMR). Schizophrenia is accompanied by a breakdown of gut and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) pathways, increased tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) levels, bacterial translocation, and lowered natural IgM and paraoxonase (PON)1 activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure of schizophrenia symptom domains and the biomarker correlates of these factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We recruited 80 patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy subjects and assessed the IgA\/IgM responses to paracellular\/transcellular (PARA\/TRANS) ratios, IgA responses to TRYCATs, natural IgM to malondialdehyde and Gram-negative bacteria, and PON1 enzymatic activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Direct Hierarchical Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a bifactorial oblique model with a) a general factor which loaded highly on all symptom domains, named overall severity of schizophrenia (\u201cOSOS\u201d); and b) a single-group factor (SGF) loading on negative symptoms and PMR. We found that 40% of the variance in OSOS score was explained by IgA\/IgM to PARA\/TRANS ratio, male sex and education while 36.9% of the variance in SGF score was explained by IgA to PARA\/TRANS, IgM to Gram-negative bacteria, female sex (positively associated) and IgM to MDA, and PON1 activity (negatively associated).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Schizophrenia phenomenology comprises two biologically-validated dimensions, namely a general OSOS dimension and a single-group negative symptom dimension, which are associated with a breakdown of gut\/BBB barriers, increased bacterial translocation and lowered protection against oxidation, inflammation and bacterial infections through lowered PON1 and natural IgM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2019-0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,17]],"date-time":"2019-11-17T04:02:31Z","timestamp":1573963351000},"page":"209-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Schizophrenia phenomenology comprises a bifactorial general severity and a single-group factor, which are differently associated with neurotoxic immune and immune-regulatory pathways"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Maes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv , Plovdiv , Bulgaria"},{"name":"IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristo","family":"Vojdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunosciences Lab., Inc, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Cyrex Labs, LLC , Phoenix , AZ, USA"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda , CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Geffard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDRPHT, Research Department , Talence , France"},{"name":"GEMAC, Lieu-Dit Berganton, Saint Jean d\u2018Illac , Saint Jean d\u2018Illac France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefania G.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina , Londrina , PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Decio S.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina , Londrina , PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Michelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina , Londrina , PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura de Oliveira","family":"Seme\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina , Londrina , PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunee","family":"Sirivichayakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buranee","family":"Kanchanatawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026053109164371967_j_bmc-2019-0023_ref_001_w2aab3b7c22b1b6b1ab1b7b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marneros A, Deister A, Rohde A. 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