{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:22:36Z","timestamp":1787620956209,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    With a disease as widespread and destructive as tuberculosis, more effective drugs and healthcare strategies, in addition to the current antibiotics regimen, are crucial for the enhanced well-being of millions of people suffering from the disease. Host-directed therapy is a new and emerging concept in treating chronic infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. Repurposing of anti-cancer drugs, such as everolimus, may be an effective way to supplement the standard antibiotic treatment. Individuals with type 2 diabetes are increasingly susceptible to co-morbidities and co-infections including\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    the causative agent of tuberculosis. We demonstrated in this study that\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    everolimus treatment of granulomas from individuals with type 2 diabetes caused significant reduction in the viability of\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Further investigations revealed the effects of everolimus in targeting foamy macrophages, a macrophage phenotype that forms around granulomas, and is characterized by a higher lipid accumulation inside the cells. These foamy macrophages are thought to harbor dormant bacilli, which are potential sources of disease reactivation. Therefore, blocking foamy macrophage formation would help better killing of intracellular bacteria. Here, we report the potential of everolimus treatment to downregulate lipid content within the foamy macrophages of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    granulomas, thus leading to a potential decrease in the number of foamy macrophages and a more robust response to\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2021-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T18:43:50Z","timestamp":1622573030000},"page":"46-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Everolimus-induced effector mechanism in macrophages and survivability of Erdman, CDC1551 and HN878 strains of\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruoqiong","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nala","family":"Kachour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrianna","family":"Beever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airani","family":"Sathananthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine , The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA"},{"name":"The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School , Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsal","family":"Kolloli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School , Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvakumar","family":"Subbian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School , Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishwanath","family":"Venketaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA ; Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120518180965399_j_bmc-2021-0006_ref_001","unstructured":"Barberis I, Bragazzi NL, Galluzzo L, Martini M. 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