{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:45:20Z","timestamp":1758818720440},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current discussions about biofilm formation focus on the solid\/liquid interface between a medical device and body fluids. Yet it has been shown that gas bubbles (GB) can stably form on ureteral stents in artificial urine and that their fate depends on the stent\u2019s surface properties. The liquid\/gas interface constitutes an adhesion site for precipitating salts as well as hydrophobic organic molecules.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The surface wettability of polyurethane stents is varied by coating with amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H). GB and crystalline biofilm formation on the stents are investigated in a novel encrustation device which avoids gravitation- or sample-position-related influences on the results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bigger and more stable GB form on hydrophobic stents than on hydrophilic, coated stents. Appearance and amount of crystalline deposits differ significantly between the surfaces. With decreasing wettability the number of hollow crystalline spheres and the mass of precipitate increase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>On hydrophobic surfaces, stable GB increase precipitation of salts and become incorporated in the growing encrustation layer<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2015-0160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]],"date-time":"2016-03-04T18:06:13Z","timestamp":1457114773000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hydrophobic forces as a key factor in crystalline biofilm formation on ureteral stents"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Norbert","family":"Laube","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chintan","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Bernsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.144.1.114-123.1980","article-title":"Are growth rates of Escherichia coli in batch cultures limited by respiration?","volume":"144","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2010.03.029","article-title":"Wettability versus roughness of engineering surfaces","volume":"271","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2000-00472-2","article-title":"Interactions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces on microscopic scale and the influence of air bubbles as observed by scanning force microscopy in aqueous and alcoholic mediums","volume":"52","year":"2000","journal-title":"Europhys Lett"},{"key":"ref971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2012.06.049","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of amyloid-integrated biofilms formed by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli at the air-liquid interface","volume":"103","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31132","article-title":"The distribution of crystalline material in obstructed stents \u2013 in need for intra-luminal surface modification?","volume":"87B","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-396X(199903)172:1<79::AID-PSSA79>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"The preparation, characterization and tribological properties of ta-C:H deposited using an electron cyclotron wave resonance plasma beam source","volume":"172","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys Status Solidi A"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1211\/002235702856","article-title":"Design and validation of a dynamic flow model simulating encrustation of biomaterials in the urinary tract","volume":"55","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2004.18.550","article-title":"Assessment of encrustations on polyurethane ureteral stents","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2008.01.099","article-title":"Ex-vivo investigations on the friction behavior of amorphous carbon coated ureteral stents","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diamond Relat Mater"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1021\/la00015a054","article-title":"Role of interfacial tension in the formation and the detachment of air bubbles. 1. 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