{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T22:22:04Z","timestamp":1648851724397},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The physiological modeling of retinal layers to provide an insight into how the incoming image is converted into its equivalent spike train that can be decoded by the human brain is a key issue. Most of the retinal layer models concentrate mainly on image compression, edge detection and image reconstruction. A retinal layer model to generate spike waveform corresponding to the visual information is not covered much in the literature. The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model of retinal layers that has complex neural structures, that can detect the incoming signal and transform the signal into the equivalent spike train. The proposed retinal layer model includes a photoreceptor, an outer plexiform (OPL), an inner plexiform (IPL) and ganglion cell layers exhibiting the properties of compression, luminance and spatial temporal filtering in the processing of visual information. The photoreceptor layer enhances the contrast visibility in the dark region and maintains the same in the bright regions. The OPL is modeled to enhance the contour of the image. The finer detail of the image is extracted by mathematically modeling the IPL. The ganglion cell layer is modeled using the Hodgkin-Huxley model to generate the spike train for the incoming information. The spike train was generated for color deficient individuals namely protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia and for individuals suffering from night blindness. Simulation results showed a spike train was generated only for a certain threshold stimulus value. The differences in spike pattern for a normal and visually impaired individual were studied. This may lead to a methodology for earlier diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2017-0153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]],"date-time":"2018-07-28T22:15:33Z","timestamp":1532816133000},"page":"285-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study of a retinal layer model to generate a spike waveform for a color deficient and strabismus individual"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Rajalakshmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanthi","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046004","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/4\/046004","article-title":"Tickling the retina: integration of subthreshold electrical pulses can activate retinal neurons","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2017.2690139","article-title":"Bioinspired approach to modeling retinal ganglion cells using system identification techniques","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01168.2005","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of mammalian retinal ganglion cells with multielectrode arrays","volume":"95","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2005.857923","article-title":"Visual neuroprosthesis: a non invasive system for stimulating the cortex","volume":"52","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.054","article-title":"Neuronal cell types and connectivity: lessons from the retina","volume":"83","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref151","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Applications","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002143","article-title":"Restoring the ON switch in blind retinas: opto-mGluR6, a next-generation, cell-tailored optogenetic tool","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref171","first-page":"3824","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of developing and mature retinal neurons","volume":"166","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.002","article-title":"The neuronal organization of the retina","volume":"76","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"3824","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of developing and mature retinal neurons","volume":"166","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.180752","article-title":"A cascade model of information processing and encoding for retinal prosthesis","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bica.2016.09.005","article-title":"Retinal model-based visual perception: applied for medical image processing","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures"},{"key":"ref271","volume-title":"Conference on Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems.","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.054","article-title":"Neuronal cell types and connectivity: lessons from the retina","volume":"83","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01168.2005","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of mammalian retinal ganglion cells with multielectrode arrays","volume":"95","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411917690762","article-title":"Physiological modeling for detecting degree of perception of a color-deficient person","volume":"231","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"312","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS\u201914)"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1006\/jvci.2001.0489","article-title":"Design and evaluation of an entirely psychovisual-based coding scheme","volume":"12","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"ref81","year":"2014","journal-title":"Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2017.2690139","article-title":"Bioinspired approach to modeling retinal ganglion cells using system identification techniques","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"ref101","volume-title":"Conference on Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems.","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.180752","article-title":"A cascade model of information processing and encoding for retinal prosthesis","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref251","year":"2014","journal-title":"Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002143","article-title":"Restoring the ON switch in blind retinas: opto-mGluR6, a next-generation, cell-tailored optogenetic tool","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.002","article-title":"The neuronal organization of the retina","volume":"76","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2005.857923","article-title":"Visual neuroprosthesis: a non invasive system for stimulating the cortex","volume":"52","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"312","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS\u201914)"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bica.2016.09.005","article-title":"Retinal model-based visual perception: applied for medical image processing","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411917690762","article-title":"Physiological modeling for detecting degree of perception of a color-deficient person","volume":"231","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1006\/jvci.2001.0489","article-title":"Design and evaluation of an entirely psychovisual-based coding scheme","volume":"12","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046004","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/4\/046004","article-title":"Tickling the retina: integration of subthreshold electrical pulses can activate retinal neurons","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"ref321","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Applications","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Engineering \/ Biomedizinische Technik"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/bmte.2019.64.issue-3\/bmt-2017-0153\/bmt-2017-0153.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/bmte.2019.64.issue-3\/bmt-2017-0153\/bmt-2017-0153.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:08:28Z","timestamp":1614456508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/bmt-2017-0153\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bmt-2017-0153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1862-278X","0013-5585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1862-278X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0013-5585","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]}}}