{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T07:40:02Z","timestamp":1754034002048,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21S31906000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21S31906000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China","award":["61803265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61803265"]}]},{"name":"Medical-industrial cross-project of USST","award":["1022308524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1022308524"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_bmt-2024-0284_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has been widely used in neuroscience research, and the spatial focusing and penetration of the process are currently the main constraints on the effectiveness of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_bmt-2024-0284_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A high-definition electrical stimulation (HD-tES) device with envelope waves was designed. The device utilized a 4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 electrode structure and was designed with an impedance adjustment circuit to evenly distribute the current among the four return channels. The output performance and safety of the device were verified in in\u00a0vitro experiments. The spatial focusing of the 4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 electrode structure and the high penetration advantage of envelope waves are explored through simulations. Finally, experiments were performed on 10 healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_bmt-2024-0284_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01 electrode structure has the best spatial focusing effect. Current frequencies above 1\u202fkHz may have higher tissue penetration. In addition, the safety of envelope wave stimulation has been verified in human trials, and no adverse reactions occurred during stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_bmt-2024-0284_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The low and medium frequency (&lt;10\u202fkHz) envelope wave HD-tES device is expected to have a positive impact in the field of medicine and neuroscience.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2024-0284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T07:46:30Z","timestamp":1741851990000},"page":"293-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and optimization of a high-definition transcranial electrical stimulation device with envelope wave"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Renling","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linpeng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiufang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Berry Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080106581409518_j_bmt-2024-0284_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-Barrios, K, Cardenas-Rojas, A, Thibaut, A, Costa, B, Ferreira, I, Caumo, W, et al.. 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