{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:37:28Z","timestamp":1790930248774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are potentially life-threatening conditions that can be diagnosed by detection of \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin using protein electrophoresis. Another less commonly available test is \u03b2-trace protein quantitation using immunoassay. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a new immunofixation-based \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin test for detection of CSF leaks and to compare it to an existing agarose gel electrophoresis test and \u03b2-trace protein immunoassay.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    For method comparison, 63 consecutive samples from physician-ordered \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin tests were analyzed using two different electrophoresis methods, agarose gel fractionation followed by acid-violet staining, and high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis followed by \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin immunofixation. A subset of samples (16\/63) were analyzed for \u03b2-trace protein. Results were compared against patient chart data for the presence of a CSF leak. Additional studies were performed to assess the stability, detection limit, and analytical specificity of the \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin immunofixation test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin immunofixation test had a sensitivity of 100% (40\/40) and specificity of 71% (12\/17) for detection of CSF leaks. By comparison, the agarose gel test had a sensitivity of 87% (35\/40) and specificity of 94% (16\/17). \u03b2-trace protein had a sensitivity of 100% (10\/10) and specificity of 86% (5\/6). Serum and saliva could be differentiated from CSF by the \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin immunofixation test based on their migration patterns. However, whole blood samples appeared positive for \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin at a threshold of \u223c4 g\/L hemoglobin. At a cut-off of 3 mg\/L, \u03b2-trace protein was increased in 10\/10 cases with documented CSF leak and in 1\/6 patients without CSF leak.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Both the new immunofixation test for \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin and the \u03b2-trace protein were effective at detecting CSF leaks. Users of the \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -transferrin immunofixation test should be cautioned against interpreting samples with blood contamination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T07:03:17Z","timestamp":1349074997000},"page":"311-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Evaluation of high resolution gel \u03b2\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    -transferrin for detection of cerebrospinal fluid leak"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"McCudden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road , Ottawa ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Senior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology\/Allergy\/Sinus Surgery Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill , NC , United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Hainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill , NC , United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville , VA , United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville , VA , United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Bruns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville , VA , United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Hammett-Stabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill , NC , United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026053122082908114_j_cclm-2012-0408_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6r\u00f6gh T, Rudolph P, Meyer JE, Werner JA, Lippert BM, Maune S. 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