{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T20:57:03Z","timestamp":1774472223413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. We hypothesized that serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may constitute a new biomarker for hyperandrogenism in PCOS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study of 45 women with PCOS and 40 controls. Serum from these women was analyzed for androgenic steroids and for complexed PSA (cPSA) and free PSA (fPSA) with a novel fifth- generation assay with a sensitivity of ~10 fg\/mL for cPSA and 140 fg\/mL for fPSA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>cPSA and fPSA levels were about three times higher in PCOS compared to controls. However, in PCOS, cPSA and fPSA did not differ according to waist-to-hip ratio, Ferriman-Gallwey score, or degree of hyperandrogenemia or oligo-ovulation. In PCOS and control women, serum cPSA and fPSA levels were highly correlated with each other, and with free and total testosterone levels, but not with other hormones. Adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI) and race, cPSA was significantly associated with PCOS, with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.67 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86, 22.0). The OR of PCOS for fPSA was 7.04 (95% CI: 1.65, 40.4). A multivariate model that included age, BMI, race and cPSA yielded an area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 0.89.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum cPSA and fPSA are novel biomarkers for hyperandrogenism in PCOS and may have value for disease diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-1124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T09:26:44Z","timestamp":1490952404000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Serum complexed and free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for the diagnosis of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Eleftherios P.","family":"Diamandis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank Z.","family":"Stanczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Stengelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Nikolenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli N.","family":"Glezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marshall D.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingye","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Li","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Azziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.9.9974","article-title":"A 6-kb promoter fragment mimics in transgenic mice the prostate-specific and androgen-regulated expression of the endogenous prostate-specific antigen gene in humans","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endrocrinol"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.12.7043","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen expression is regulated by an upstream enhancer","volume":"271","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1641","article-title":"Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref751","first-page":"377","year":"1992","journal-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03351061","article-title":"Serum prostate specific antigen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the effect of flutamide+desogestrel\/ethinyl estradiol combination","volume":"27","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.15.3143","article-title":"Identification of two novel cis-elements in the promoter of the prostate-specific antigen gene that are required to enhance androgen receptor-mediated transactivation","volume":"25","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.170290","article-title":"Nucleic acid detection immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen based on immuno-PCR methodology","volume":"58","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(98)00082-4","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen: its usefulness in clinical medicine","volume":"9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18437","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904719106","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based bio-barcode assay redefines \u201cundetectable\u201d PSA and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy","volume":"106","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref201","first-page":"222","article-title":"A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specificantigen in serum of patients with prostatic cancer: assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer","volume":"51","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2014.07.111","article-title":"Long term complications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"75","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65082-1","article-title":"Detection of prostate cancer relapse with prostate specific antigen monitoring at levels of 0.001 to 0.1 microG.\/L","volume":"157","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.9.9974","article-title":"A 6-kb promoter fragment mimics in transgenic mice the prostate-specific and androgen-regulated expression of the endogenous prostate-specific antigen gene in humans","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endrocrinol"},{"key":"ref591","first-page":"999","article-title":"Diagnostic value of prostate-specific antigen in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"16","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"999","article-title":"Diagnostic value of prostate-specific antigen in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"16","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006380306781","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic utility of prostate-specific antigen for diseases of the breast","volume":"59","year":"2000","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.070","article-title":"Prevalence of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment","volume":"83","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref631","first-page":"222","article-title":"A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specificantigen in serum of patients with prostatic cancer: assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer","volume":"51","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.6.859","article-title":"Serum and urinary prostate-specific antigen and urinary human glandular kallikrein concentrations are significantly increased after testosterone administration in female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"46","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2016.1.17","article-title":"The preoperative serum ratio of total prostate specific antigen (PSA) to free testosterone (FT), PSA\/FT index ratio, and prostate cancer. Results in 220 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy","volume":"88","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"377","year":"1992","journal-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.12.056","article-title":"Specificity and predictive value of circulating testosterone assessed by tandem mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome by the National Institutes of Health 1990 criteria","volume":"101","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344101","article-title":"Serum PSA levels are not affected by the menstrual cycle or the menopause, but are increased in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"29","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00666006","article-title":"Induction of prostate specific antigen production by steroids and tamoxifen in breast cancer cell lines","volume":"32","year":"1994","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.169540","article-title":"Fifth-generation digital immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen by single molecule array technology","volume":"57","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref691","volume":"75","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.169540","article-title":"Fifth-generation digital immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen by single molecule array technology","volume":"57","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.070","article-title":"Prevalence of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment","volume":"83","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.05.006","article-title":"The combination of ovarian volume and outline has better diagnostic accuracy than prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOs)","volume":"179","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590410001692465","article-title":"Serum levels of prostate-specific antigen and androgens after nasal administration of a gonadotropin releasing hormone-agonist in hirsute women","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00666006","article-title":"Induction of prostate specific antigen production by steroids and tamoxifen in breast cancer cell lines","volume":"32","year":"1994","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.12.6615","article-title":"Oral contraceptive-induced expression of prostate-specific antigen in the female breast","volume":"270","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"3078","article-title":"Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Black and White women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study","volume":"83","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/10408369891234219","article-title":"Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA): two closely related, but distinct, kallikreins in the prostate","volume":"35","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.15.3143","article-title":"Identification of two novel cis-elements in the promoter of the prostate-specific antigen gene that are required to enhance androgen receptor-mediated transactivation","volume":"25","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1864","article-title":"Position statement: utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement","volume":"92","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.4.7378","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein 2 are markedly elevated in urine of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"86","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.2.9883","article-title":"An androgen response element in a far upstream enhancer region is essential for high, androgen-regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.11.6379","article-title":"Two androgen response regions cooperate in steroid hormone regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter","volume":"271","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344101","article-title":"Serum PSA levels are not affected by the menstrual cycle or the menopause, but are increased in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"29","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref791","article-title":"Abstract 2014: Cytokine immunoassays with sub-fg\/mL detection limits. Abstract T2065","year":"2014","journal-title":"AAPS Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.05.006","article-title":"The combination of ovarian volume and outline has better diagnostic accuracy than prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOs)","volume":"179","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2009.11.004","article-title":"Validation of total testosterone assay using high-turbulence liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: total and free testosterone reference ranges","volume":"75","year":"2010","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.12.056","article-title":"Specificity and predictive value of circulating testosterone assessed by tandem mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome by the National Institutes of Health 1990 criteria","volume":"101","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.9.1618","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen in serum occurs predominantly in complex with alpha 1-antichymotrypsin","volume":"37","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2016.1.17","article-title":"The preoperative serum ratio of total prostate specific antigen (PSA) to free testosterone (FT), PSA\/FT index ratio, and prostate cancer. Results in 220 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy","volume":"88","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(98)00082-4","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen: its usefulness in clinical medicine","volume":"9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1641","article-title":"Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(05)70373-6","article-title":"Nonprostatic sources of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"24","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.02.026","article-title":"Silver nanoprism etching-based plasmonic ELISA for the high sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"69","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/10408369891234219","article-title":"Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA): two closely related, but distinct, kallikreins in the prostate","volume":"35","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.6.859","article-title":"Serum and urinary prostate-specific antigen and urinary human glandular kallikrein concentrations are significantly increased after testosterone administration in female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"46","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.401","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen in serum of women with breast cancer","volume":"72","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03351061","article-title":"Serum prostate specific antigen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the effect of flutamide+desogestrel\/ethinyl estradiol combination","volume":"27","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.9.1618","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen in serum occurs predominantly in complex with alpha 1-antichymotrypsin","volume":"37","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65082-1","article-title":"Detection of prostate cancer relapse with prostate specific antigen monitoring at levels of 0.001 to 0.1 microG.\/L","volume":"157","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035","article-title":"The androgen excess and PCOS society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report","volume":"91","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref361","article-title":"Abstract 2014: Cytokine immunoassays with sub-fg\/mL detection limits. Abstract T2065","year":"2014","journal-title":"AAPS Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.5.675","article-title":"Ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and the Immulite immunochemiluminescent third-generation assay: potential applications in prostate and breast cancers","volume":"42","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2007.00507.x","article-title":"Is prostate-specific antigen a potential new marker of androgen excess in polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"33","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.401","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen in serum of women with breast cancer","volume":"72","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.067041","article-title":"Effect of testosterone administration on serum and urine kallikrein concentrations in female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"52","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2009.11.004","article-title":"Validation of total testosterone assay using high-turbulence liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: total and free testosterone reference ranges","volume":"75","year":"2010","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035","article-title":"The androgen excess and PCOS society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report","volume":"91","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.4.7378","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein 2 are markedly elevated in urine of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"86","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1864","article-title":"Position statement: utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement","volume":"92","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.12.6615","article-title":"Oral contraceptive-induced expression of prostate-specific antigen in the female breast","volume":"270","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.170290","article-title":"Nucleic acid detection immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen based on immuno-PCR methodology","volume":"58","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18437","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904719106","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based bio-barcode assay redefines \u201cundetectable\u201d PSA and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy","volume":"106","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.11.6379","article-title":"Two androgen response regions cooperate in steroid hormone regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter","volume":"271","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2014.07.111","article-title":"Long term complications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"75","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref261","volume":"75","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.067041","article-title":"Effect of testosterone administration on serum and urine kallikrein concentrations in female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"52","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.02.026","article-title":"Silver nanoprism etching-based plasmonic ELISA for the high sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"69","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref761","first-page":"3078","article-title":"Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Black and White women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study","volume":"83","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso","volume":"58","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Royal Statist Soc B"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2007.00507.x","article-title":"Is prostate-specific antigen a potential new marker of androgen excess in polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"33","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.5.675","article-title":"Ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and the Immulite immunochemiluminescent third-generation assay: potential applications in prostate and breast cancers","volume":"42","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590410001692465","article-title":"Serum levels of prostate-specific antigen and androgens after nasal administration of a gonadotropin releasing hormone-agonist in hirsute women","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.12.7043","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen expression is regulated by an upstream enhancer","volume":"271","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.2.9883","article-title":"An androgen response element in a far upstream enhancer region is essential for high, androgen-regulated activity of the prostate-specific antigen promoter","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006380306781","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic utility of prostate-specific antigen for diseases of the breast","volume":"59","year":"2000","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso","volume":"58","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Royal Statist Soc B"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(05)70373-6","article-title":"Nonprostatic sources of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"24","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/cclm.2017.55.issue-11\/cclm-2016-1124\/cclm-2016-1124.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2016-1124\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T10:53:12Z","timestamp":1719139992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2016-1124\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2016-1124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-4331","1434-6621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-4331","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1434-6621","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}}}