{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:08:43Z","timestamp":1787022523865,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2019-0600_s_999_w2aab3b8c36b1b7b1aab1c17b1Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The widespread availability of cannabis raises concerns regarding its effect on driving performance and operation of complex equipment. Currently, there are no established safe driving limits regarding \u2206\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in blood or breath. Daily cannabis users build up a large body burden of THC with residual excretion for days or weeks after the start of abstinence. Therefore, it is critical to have a sensitive and specific analytical assay that quantifies THC, the main psychoactive component of cannabis, and multiple metabolites to improve interpretation of cannabinoids in blood; some analytes may indicate recent use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2019-0600_s_998_w2aab3b8c36b1b7b1aab1c17b2Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method was developed to quantify THC, cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), (\u00b1)-11-nor-9-carboxy-\u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC (THCCOOH), (+)-11-nor-\u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC-9-carboxylic acid glucuronide (THCCOOH-gluc), cannabigerol (CBG), and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in whole blood (WB). WB samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and quantified by LC-MS\/MS. A rapid and simple method involving methanol elution of THC in breath collected in SensAbues\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      devices was optimized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2019-0600_s_997_w2aab3b8c36b1b7b1aab1c17b3Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lower limits of quantification ranged from 0.5 to 2 \u03bcg\/L in WB. An LLOQ of 80 pg\/pad was achieved for THC concentrations in breath. Calibration curves were linear (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      &gt;0.995) with calibrator concentrations within \u00b115% of their target and quality control (QC) bias and imprecision \u226415%. No major matrix effects or drug interferences were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2019-0600_s_996_w2aab3b8c36b1b7b1aab1c17b4Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The methods were robust and adequately quantified cannabinoids in biological blood and breath samples. These methods will be used to identify cannabinoid concentrations in an upcoming study of the effects of cannabis on driving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T05:02:54Z","timestamp":1568696574000},"page":"673-681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method to detect cannabinoids in whole blood and breath"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4092-7153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline A.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology , University of California , San Diego , CA 92121 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breland E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insource Diagnostics , Monrovia , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Sobolesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Santa Clara Valley Medical Center , San Jose , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sollip","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Ilsan Seo-gu , Goyang , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology , University of California , San Diego , CA 92121 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , San Francisco Medical Center, Laboratory Medicine, Parnassus Chemistry , San Francisco , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn A.","family":"Huestis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Institute for Emerging Health Professions , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Grelotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Marcotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology , University of California , San Diego , CA 92121 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033110384930762_j_cclm-2019-0600_ref_001_w2aab3b8c36b1b7b1ab2b2b1Aa","unstructured":"The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. 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