{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:44:27Z","timestamp":1788320667314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can serve as a valuable tool in optimising and individualising epilepsy treatment, especially in vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, the elderly and children. Unfortunately, TDM is often performed suboptimally due to limitations in blood collection. Therefore, we investigated volumetric absorptive micro sampling (VAMS) \u2013 a new home-sampling technique. We aimed to evaluate VAMS to determine and quantify the different AEDs and concentrations of 16 different AEDs in whole blood collected by VAMS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Patient blood samples (n\u2009=\u2009138) were collected via venepunctures at the Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe. AED concentrations were determined, and these concentrations were used to compare the VAMS method (whole blood) with the conventional method (serum). In addition, the recovery was examined as well as the impact of haematocrit. Finally, AED-spiked blood was used to test the stability of the AEDs inside the micro-sampler devices over a period of time and whether temperature had an effect on the stability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n VAMS allows for an accurate detection of 16 different AEDs within 2 days after sampling. Deviation in recovery was less than 10% and high correlations were found between VAMS and conventional sampling. Moreover, haematocrit does not have an effect with values between 0.3 and 0.5 (L\/L). Finally, although storage temperature of VAMS does affect some AEDs, most are unaffected.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n VAMS enables an accurate detection of a wide variety of AEDs within 2 days after sampling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T04:01:53Z","timestamp":1581393713000},"page":"828-835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-epileptic drugs \u2013 a clinical verification of volumetric absorptive micro sampling"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Thierry P.I.J.M.","family":"Canisius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology , Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe Maastricht UMC+ , VE Heeze , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.W.P. Hans","family":"Soons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology , Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe Maastricht UMC+ , VE Heeze , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Verschuure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology , Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe Maastricht UMC+ , VE Heeze , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmeke A.","family":"Wammes-van der Heijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology , Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe Maastricht UMC+ , VE Heeze , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob P.W.","family":"Rouhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe Maastricht UMC+ , Heeze , the Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.J. Marian","family":"Majoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe Maastricht UMC+ , Heeze , the Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences , Maastricht University , Maastricht , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026043020133136324_j_cclm-2019-0784_ref_001_w2aab3b8c49b1b7b1ab2b2b1Aa","unstructured":"Organization WH. Fact-sheet epilepsy 2019 [updated 20-06-2019]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/epilepsy."},{"key":"2026043020133136324_j_cclm-2019-0784_ref_002_w2aab3b8c49b1b7b1ab2b2b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rho JM, White HS. Brief history of anti-seizure drug development. Epilepsia Open 2018;3:114\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12268"},{"key":"2026043020133136324_j_cclm-2019-0784_ref_003_w2aab3b8c49b1b7b1ab2b2b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BF, Cloyd JC, Glauser TA, Johannessen SI, et al. Antiepileptic drugs--best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2008;49:1239\u201376.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01561.x"},{"key":"2026043020133136324_j_cclm-2019-0784_ref_004_w2aab3b8c49b1b7b1ab2b2b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gedzelman E, Meador KJ. Antiepileptic drugs in women with epilepsy during pregnancy. 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