{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:45:40Z","timestamp":1769067940723,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2020-1567_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The pattern of global COVID-19 has caused many to propose a possible link between susceptibility, severity and vitamin-D levels. Vitamin-D has known immune modulatory effects and deficiency has been linked to increased severity of viral infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2020-1567_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated patients admitted with confirmed SARS-COV-2 to our hospital between March-June 2020. Demographics and outcomes were assessed for those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with normal (&gt;50\u00a0nmol\/L) and low (&lt;50\u00a0nmol\/L) vitamin-D.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2020-1567_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were 646 SARS-COV-2 PCR positive hospitalisations and 165 (25.5%) had plasma vitamin-D levels. Fifty patients were admitted to ICU. There was no difference in vitamin-D levels of those hospitalised (34, IQR 18.5\u201366\u00a0nmol\/L) and those admitted to the ICU (31.5, IQR 21\u201342\u00a0nmol\/L). Higher proportion of vitamin-D deficiency (&lt;50\u00a0nmol\/L) noted in the ICU group (82.0 vs. 65.2%). Among the ICU patients, low vitamin D level (&lt;50\u00a0nmol\/L) was associated with younger age (57 vs. 67 years, p=0.04) and lower cycle threshold (CT) real time polymerase chain reaction values (RT-PCR) (26.96 vs. 33.6, p=0.02) analogous to higher viral loads. However, there were no significant differences in ICU clinical outcomes (invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury and mechanical ventilation and hospital days) between patients with low and normal vitamin-D levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2020-1567_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite the association of low vitamin-D levels with low CT values, there is no difference in clinical outcomes in this small cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients. The complex relationship between vitamin-D levels and COVID-19 infection needs further exploration with large scale randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-1567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T06:33:46Z","timestamp":1611383626000},"page":"1155-1163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Vitamin-D levels and intensive care unit outcomes of a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Laurence","family":"Orchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Intensive Care Unit , University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Baldry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Intensive Care Unit , University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Nasim-Mohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Intensive Care Unit , University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantelle","family":"Monck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southampton Specialist Virology Centre , University of Southampton School of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kordo","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Innovation and Research Unit, Department of Microbiology , University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton University, Hospital Southampton , Southampton , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P. W.","family":"Grocott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Intensive Care Unit , University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton University, Hospital Southampton , Southampton , UK"},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre , University Hospital Southampton\/University of Southampton , Southampton , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dushianthan","family":"Ahilanandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Intensive Care Unit , University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton University, Hospital Southampton , Southampton , UK"},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre , University Hospital Southampton\/University of Southampton , Southampton , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021082201593403749_j_cclm-2020-1567_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabary, M, Khanmohammadi, S, Araghi, F, Dadkhahfar, S, Tavangar, S. 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Nutrients 2020 May 9;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12051359 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051359"},{"key":"2021082201593403749_j_cclm-2020-1567_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merzon, E, Tworowski, D, Gorohovski, A, Vinker, S, Cohen, AG, Green, I, et al.. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J 2020 Jul 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.15495 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.01.20144329"},{"key":"2021082201593403749_j_cclm-2020-1567_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hastie, CE, Mackay, DF, Ho, F, Celis-Morales, CA, Katikireddi, SV, Niedzwiedz, CL, et al.. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. 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J Public Health 2020 Jun 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa095 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.01.20118943"},{"key":"2021082201593403749_j_cclm-2020-1567_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baktash, V, Hosack, T, Patel, N, Shah, S, Kandiah, P, Van Den Abbeele, K, et al.. Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19. 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