{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:19:37Z","timestamp":1778221177166,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018684","name":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-0299_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Pediatric Reference Intervals in China (PRINCE) was initiated to establish the reference intervals (RIs) of Chinese children, as well as to make it possible to compare the variability of biochemical markers among countries internationally.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-0299_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Healthy participants, aged up to 20\u00a0years, from 11 provinces across China, were enrolled in PRINCE and according to a standard screening procedure, that included a questionnaire survey, physical examinations and laboratory tests. Fasting venous blood specimens were collected. All serum specimens were analyzed with Cobas C702 in the center laboratory, i.e. clinical laboratory of Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, with certified qualification (ISO15189). The nonparametric method recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, was used to calculate the age- and sex-specified RIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-0299_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among the 15,150 participants enrolled, 12,352 children (6,093 males and 6,259 females) were included to calculate RIs. The RIs for total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphate, potassium, sodium, chlorine, alkaline phosphatase, \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptadase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine and urea were established by age- or sex-partitions. Most biochemical markers displayed larger variability and higher dispersion during the periods between 28\u00a0days and 1\u00a0year old, and included 4\u20136 age partitions commonly during 1 to &lt;20\u00a0years old. In addition, differences of RIs between sexes usually occurs around the initiation of puberty at 12\u201313\u00a0years old.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-0299_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The age- and sex-specified RIs of 14 biochemical markers in PRINCE study can provide a solid reference, which will be transferred into relevant RIs for other clinical laboratory\u2019s platforms according to the CLSI guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2022-0299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T05:20:26Z","timestamp":1659936026000},"page":"1627-1639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Reference intervals of 14 biochemical markers for children and adolescence in China: the PRINCE study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8789-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaguang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanbao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories (NCCL) , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Centre , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sancheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Children\u2019s Hospital , Xi\u2019An , Shaanxi , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guixia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Hebei Province , Shijiazhuang , Hebei , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Children\u2019s Hospital Zhengzhou Children\u2019s Hospital , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center , Wuhan , Hubei , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runqing","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Clinical Laboratories (NCCL) , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanying","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Children\u2019s Health , Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. 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