{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T02:09:42Z","timestamp":1762999782388,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-1161_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The WHO\u2019s standardized measuring unit, \u201cbinding antibody units per milliliter (BAU\/mL),\u201d should allow the harmonization of quantitative results by different commercial Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays. However, multiple studies demonstrate inter-assay discrepancies. The antigenic changes of the Omicron variant affect the performance of Spike-specific immunoassays. This study evaluated the variation of quantitative Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike antibody measurements among 46, 50, and 44 laboratories in three rounds of a national external quality assessment (EQA) prior to and after the emergence of the Omicron variant in a diagnostic near-to-real-life setting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-1161_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed results reported by the EQA participant laboratories from single and sequential samples from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent, acutely infected, and vaccinated individuals, including samples obtained after primary and breakthrough infections with the Omicron variant.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-1161_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The three immunoassays most commonly used by the participants displayed a low intra-assay and inter-laboratory variation with excellent reproducibility using identical samples sent to the participants in duplicates. In contrast, the inter-assay variation was very high with all samples. Notably, the ratios of BAU\/mL levels quantified by different immunoassays were not equal among all samples but differed between vaccination, past, and acute infection, including primary infection with the Omicron variant. The antibody kinetics measured in vaccinated individuals strongly depended on the applied immunoassay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2022-1161_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Measured BAU\/mL levels are only inter-changeable among different laboratories when the same assay was used for their assessment. Highly variable ratios of BAU\/mL quantifications among different immunoassays and infection stages argue against the usage of universal inter-assay conversion factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2022-1161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T08:17:47Z","timestamp":1675930667000},"page":"1349-1358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Three rounds of a national external quality assessment reveal a link between disharmonic anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody quantifications and the infection stage"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4153-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Buchta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Association for Quality Assurance and Standardization of Medical and Diagnostic Tests (\u00d6QUASTA) , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3074-7124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Association for Quality Assurance and Standardization of Medical and Diagnostic Tests (\u00d6QUASTA) , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Borsodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Weidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Red Cross , Blood Service for Vienna , Lower Austria, and Burgenland , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Sareban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Radler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Association for Quality Assurance and Standardization of Medical and Diagnostic Tests (\u00d6QUASTA) , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias M.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Association for Quality Assurance and Standardization of Medical and Diagnostic Tests (\u00d6QUASTA) , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Griesmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Association for Quality Assurance and Standardization of Medical and Diagnostic Tests (\u00d6QUASTA) , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Puchhammer-St\u00f6ckl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Jungbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Red Cross , Blood Service for Vienna , Lower Austria, and Burgenland , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Stiasny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Weseslindtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024081409171691790_j_cclm-2022-1161_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristiansen, PA, Page, M, Bernasconi, V, Mattiuzzo, G, Dull, P, Makar, K, et al.. 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