{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:49:57Z","timestamp":1792028997331,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-0232_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immune checkpoints play an important role in maintaining the balance of the immune system and in the development of autoimmune diseases. A central checkpoint molecule is the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1, CD279) which is typically located on the surface of T\u00a0cells. Its primary ligand PD-L1 is expressed on antigen presenting cells and on cancer cells. Several variants of PD-L1 exist, among these soluble molecules (sPD-L1) present in serum at\u00a0low concentrations. sPD-L1 was found elevated in cancer and\u00a0several other diseases. sPD-L1 in infectious diseases has received relatively little attention so far and is therefore subject of this study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-0232_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>sPD-L1 serum levels were determined in 170 patients with viral infections (influenza, varicella, measles, Dengue fever, SARS-CoV2) or bacterial sepsis by ELISA and compared to the levels obtained in 11 healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-0232_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with viral infections and bacterial sepsis generally show significantly higher sPD-L1 serum levels compared to healthy donors, except for varicella samples where results do not reach significance. sPD-L1 is increased in patients with impaired renal function compared to those with normal renal function, and sPD-L1 correlates significantly with serum creatinine. Among sepsis patients with normal renal function, sPD-L1 serum levels are significantly higher in Gram-negative sepsis compared to Gram-positive sepsis. In addition, in sepsis patients with impaired renal function, sPD-L1 correlates positively with ferritin and negatively with transferrin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-0232_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>sPD-L1 serum levels are significantly elevated in patients with sepsis, influenza, mesasles, Dengue fever or SARS-CoV2. Highest levels are detectable in patients with measles and Dengue fever. Also impaired renal function causes an increase in levels of sPD-L1. As a consequence, renal function has to be taken into account in the interpretation of sPD-L1 levels in patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-0232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1688470400000},"page":"2248-2255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Serum sPD-L1 levels are elevated in patients with viral diseases, bacterial sepsis or in patients with impaired renal function compared to healthy blood donors"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3677-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorin","family":"Loacker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis , Tirol Kliniken GmbH , Innsbruck , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis , Tirol Kliniken GmbH , Innsbruck , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilmos","family":"Fux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis , Tirol Kliniken GmbH , Innsbruck , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Bellmann-Weiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II , Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II , Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Griesmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis , Tirol Kliniken GmbH , Innsbruck , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7374-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Hoermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory , Munich , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Ratzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ihr Labor, Medical Diagnostic Laboratories , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4605-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmuth","family":"Haslacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Schrezenmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transfusion Medicine , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm , German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and University Hospital of Ulm , Ulm , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Anliker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis , Tirol Kliniken GmbH , Innsbruck , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023102508351343282_j_cclm-2023-0232_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keir, ME, Freeman, GJ, Sharpe, AH. 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