{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:47:57Z","timestamp":1781884077946,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is well-recognised as a continuum heralded by the development of islet autoantibodies, progression to islet autoimmunity causing beta cell destruction, culminating in insulin deficiency and clinical disease. Abnormalities of glucose homeostasis are known to exist well before the onset of typical symptoms. Laboratory-based tests such as the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>) have been used to stage T1D and assess the risk of progression to clinical T1D. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can detect early glycaemic abnormalities and can therefore be used to monitor for metabolic deterioration in pre-symptomatic, islet autoantibody positive, at-risk individuals. Early identification of these children can not only reduce the risk of presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), but also determine eligibility for prevention trials, which aim to prevent or delay progression to clinical T1D. Here, we describe the current state with regard to the use of the OGTT, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, fructosamine and glycated albumin in pre-symptomatic T1D. Using illustrative cases, we present our clinical experience with the use of CGM, and advocate for an increased role of this diabetes technology, for monitoring metabolic deterioration and disease progression in children with pre-symptomatic T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-0234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T11:11:53Z","timestamp":1687518713000},"page":"41-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Continuous glucose monitoring has an increasing role in pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes: advantages, limitations, and comparisons with laboratory-based testing"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Kriti","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Queensland Children\u2019s Hospital , South Brisbane , QLD , Australia"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Queensland Children\u2019s Hospital , South Brisbane , QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Cotterill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Queensland Children\u2019s Hospital , South Brisbane , QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Wentworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , VIC , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , VIC , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Couper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital , North Adelaide , SA , Australia"},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , SA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aveni","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , The University of Western Australia Perth , Crawley , WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , The University of Western Australia Perth , Crawley , WA , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands , WA , Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Child Health Research , University of Western Australia , Perth , WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Lomax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , The University of Western Australia Perth , Crawley , WA , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Perth Children\u2019s Hospital , Nedlands , WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes , Queensland Children\u2019s Hospital , South Brisbane , QLD , Australia"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology , Mater Pathology , South Brisbane , QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024081409225793523_j_cclm-2023-0234_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonifacio, E, Mathieu, C, Nepom, GT, Ziegler, AG, Anhalt, H, Haller, MJ, et al.. 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