{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:33:32Z","timestamp":1770755612643,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Swedish state, under an agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils","award":["ALF agreement ALFGBG-965885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALF agreement ALFGBG-965885"]}]},{"name":"Edith Jacobson\u2019s Foundation and Helena Ahlin\u2019s Foundation. European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant. agreement"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-1018_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To study intrathecal kappa free light chain (KFLC) synthesis in people living with HIV (PLWH) in comparison with multiple sclerosis (MS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-1018_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional analysis including 56 untreated and 150 well treated PLWH, and compared with 58 controls, and 223 MS patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-1018_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Elevated serum\/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG and KFLC indices were observed in untreated PLWH. Seventy percent of untreated PLWH had KFLC index above 6.1, a threshold associated with clinically isolated syndrome\/MS diagnosis. No association was found between KFCL index and CSF markers of neuronal injury in either PLWH or MS patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2023-1018_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV-related immune system dysfunction is often associated with an elevated KFLC index akin to those observed in MS. HIV infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis for patients presenting with neurological symptoms and increased intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-1018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T21:55:58Z","timestamp":1712094958000},"page":"2024-2029","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["IgG and kappa free light chain CSF\/serum indices: evaluating intrathecal immunoglobulin production in HIV infection in comparison with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Lars","family":"Hagberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases , 70712 Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igal","family":"Rosenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience , 70712 Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lycke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience , 70712 Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry , Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg , M\u00f6lndal , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL , London , UK"},{"name":"Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aylin","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases , 70712 Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvid","family":"Ed\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases , 70712 Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Gissl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases , 70712 Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden , Solna , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024090411271502176_j_cclm-2023-1018_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elovaara, I, Seppala, I, Poutiainen, E, Suni, J, Valle, SL. 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