{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:58:59Z","timestamp":1780696739314,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP) of the King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2024-0194_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate some confounding factors that influence the concentrations of S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and\u00a0ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L-1 (UCH-L1) in older individuals. Indeed, recent guidelines have proposed the combined use of S100B and the \u201cGFAP-UCH-L1\u201d mTBI test to rule out mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). As older adults are the most at risk of mTBI, it is particularly important to understand the confounding factors of those mTBI rule-out biomarkers in aging population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2024-0194_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The protein S100B and the \u201cGFAP and UCH-L1\u201d mTBI test were measured using Liaison XL (Diasorin) and Alinity I (Abbott), respectively, in 330 and 341 individuals with non-suspected mTBI from the SarcoPhAge cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2024-0194_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>S100B, GFAP and UCH-L1 were all significantly correlated with renal function whereas alcohol consumption, Geriatric Depression Score (GDS), smoking habits and anticoagulant intake were not associated with any of these three biomarkers. Body mass index (BMI) and age were associated with GFAP and UCH-L1 expression while sex and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were only associated with GFAP. According to the manufacturer\u2019s cut-offs for mTBI rule-out, only 5.5\u202f% of participants were positive for S100B whereas 66.9\u202f% were positive for the \u201cGFAP-UCH-L1\u201d mTBI test. All positive \u201cGFAP-UCH-L1\u201d mTBI tests were GFAP+\/UCH-L1-. Among individuals with cystatin C&gt;1.55\u202fmg\/L, 25\u202f% were positive for S100B while 90\u202f% were positive for the mTBI test.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2024-0194_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our data show that confounding factors have different impacts on the positivity rate of the \u201cGFAP-UCH-L1\u201d mTBI test compared to S100B.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2024-0194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T14:50:33Z","timestamp":1713711033000},"page":"2062-2069","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Confounding factors of the expression of mTBI biomarkers, S100B, GFAP and UCH-L1 in an aging population"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Calluy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry Department, CHU de Li\u00e8ge , University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Beaudart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics , University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Unit (URPC), NARILIS, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Namur , Namur , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed S.","family":"Alokail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Research Chair, Biochemistry Department , 37850 College of Science, KSU , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser M.","family":"Al-Daghri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department , 37850 College of Science, KSU , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Bruy\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics , University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6290-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Reginster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics , University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"},{"name":"Protein Research Chair, Biochemistry Department , 37850 College of Science, KSU , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Cavalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry Department, CHU de Li\u00e8ge , University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5316-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Ladang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry Department, CHU de Li\u00e8ge , University of Li\u00e8ge , Li\u00e8ge , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Jardin\u00e9, C, Payen, JF, Bernard, R, Bobbia, X, Bouzat, P, Catoire, P, et al.. Management of patients suffering from mild traumatic brain injury 2023. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2023;42:101260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.accpm.2023.101260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2023.101260"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laic, RAG, Vander Sloten, J, Depreitere, B. Traumatic brain injury in the elderly population: a 20-year experience in a tertiary neurosurgery center in Belgium. Acta Neurochir 2022;164:1407\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-022-05159-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05159-0"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sercy, E, Orlando, A, Carrick, M, Lieser, M, Madayag, R, Vasquez, D, et al.. Long-term mortality and causes of death among patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a 5-year multicenter study. Brain Inj 2020;34:556\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2020.1725981.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1725981"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korley, FK, Kelen, GD, Jones, CM, Diaz-Arrastia, R. Emergency department evaluation of traumatic brain injury in the United States. 2009\u20132010. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2016;31:379\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000187.","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000187"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, MD, Weber, A, Merrill, VD, Welch, RD, Bazarian, JJ, Christenson, RH. Predictive performance of traumatic brain injury biomarkers in high-risk elderly patients. J Appl Lab Med 2020;5:91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jalm.2019.031393.","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm.2019.031393"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiell, IG, Wells, GA, Vandemheen, K, Clement, C, Lesiuk, H, Laupacis, A, et al.. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet 2001;357:13916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)04561-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04561-X"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwirner, J, Lier, J, Franke, H, Hammer, N, Matschke, J, Trautz, F, et al.. GFAP positivity in neurons following traumatic brain injuries. Int J Legal Med 2021;135:2323\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02568-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02568-1"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, P, Rocca, D, Henley, JM. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1): structure. distribution and roles in brain function and dysfunction. Biochem J 2016;473:2453\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BCJ20160082.","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160082"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapin, V, Gaulmin, R, Aubin, R, Walrand, S, Coste, A, Abbot, M. Blood biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury: state of art. Neurochirurgie 2021;67:249\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.01.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.01.001"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asken, BM, Yang, Z, Xu, H, Weber, AG, Hayes, RL, Bauer, RM, et al.. Acute effects of sport-related concussion on serum glial fibrillary acidic protein, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, total tau, and neurofilament light measured by a multiplex assay. J Neurotrauma 2020;37:1537\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2019.6831.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6831"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia, R, Warrier, AR, Sreenivas, V, Bali, P, Sisodia, P, Gupta, A, et al.. Role of blood biomarkers in differentiating ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurol India 2020;68:824\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.293467.","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.293467"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichet Binette, A, Janelidze, S, Cullen, N, Dage, JL, Bateman, RJ, Zetterberg, H, et al.. Confounding factors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease plasma biomarkers and their impact on clinical performance. Alzheimers Dement 2023;19:1403\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12787.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12787"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huibregtse, ME, Bazarian, JJ, Shultz, SR, Kawata, K. The biological significance and clinical utility of emerging blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021;130:433\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.029.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.029"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazarian, JJ, Biberthaler, P, Welch, RD, Lewis, LM, Barzo, P, Bogner-Flatz, V, et al.. Serum GFAP and UCH-L1 for prediction of absence of intracranial injuries on head CT (ALERT-TBI): a multicentre observational study. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:782\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30231-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30231-X"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oris, C, Bouillon-Minois, JB, Kahouadji, S, Pereira, B, Dhaiby, G, Defrance, VB, et al.. S100B vs. \u201cGFAP and UCH-L1\u201d assays in the management of mTBI patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023;62:891\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2023-1238.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-1238"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papa, L, Lewis, LM, Falk, JL, Zhang, Z, Silvestri, S, Giordano, P, et al.. Elevated levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury are associated with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. Ann Emerg Med 2012;59:471\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.08.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.08.021"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oris, C, Bouillon-Minois, JB, Pinguet, J, Kahouadji, S, Durif, J, Mesl\u00e9, V, et al.. Predictive performance of blood S100B in the management of patients over 65 Years old with mild traumatic brain injury. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021;76:1471\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glab055.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab055"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santing, JAL, Hopman, JH, Verheul, RJ, van der Naalt, J, van den Brand, CL, Jellema, K. Clinical value of S100B in detecting intracranial injury in elderly patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Injury 2024;55:111313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2024.111313"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansson, O, Edelmayer, RM, Boxer, AL, Carrillo, MC, Mielke, MM, Rabinovici, GD, et al.. The Alzheimer\u2019s Association appropriate use recommendations for blood biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 2022;18:2669\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12756.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12756"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudart, C, Reginster, JY, Petermans, J, Gillain, S, Quabron, A, Locquet, M, et al.. Quality of life and physical components linked to sarcopenia: the SarcoPhAge study. Exp Gerontol Sept 2015;69:103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2015.05.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.05.003"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delefortrie, Q, Lejeune, F, Kerzmann, B, Levy, R, Adam, JF, Sottiaux, T, et al.. Evaluation of the Roche\u00ae Elecsys and the Diasorin\u00ae Liaison S100 kits in the management of mild head injury in the emergency room. Clin Biochem 2018;52:123\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.11.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.11.004"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inker, LA, Schmid, CH, Tighiouart, H, Eckfeldt, JH, Feldman, HI, Greene, T, et al.. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med 2012;367:20\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1114248.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114248"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norlund, L, Fex, G, Lanke, J, Von Schenck, H, Nilsson, JE, Leksell, H, et al.. Reference intervals for the glomerular filtration rate and cell-proliferation markers: serum cystatin C and serum beta 2-microglobulin\/cystatin C-ratio. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997;57:463\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365519709084595.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519709084595"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, RC, Rubenstein, R, Wang, KKW, Korley, FK, Yue, JK, Yuh, EL, et al.. Age-related differences in diagnostic accuracy of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein and tau for identifying acute intracranial trauma on computed tomography: a TRACK-TBI study. J Neurotrauma 2018;35:2341\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5694.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5694"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahouadji, S, Salamin, P, Praz, L, Coiffier, J, Frochaux, V, Durif, J, et al.. S100B blood level determination for early management of ski-related mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Front Neurol 2020;11:856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00856.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00856"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Und\u00e9n, J, Bellner, J, Eneroth, M, Alling, C, Ingebrigtsen, T, Romner, B. Raised serum S100B levels after acute bone fractures without cerebral injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2005;58:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000130613.35877.75.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000130613.35877.75"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savola, O, Pyhtinen, J, Leino, TK, Siitonen, S, Niemel\u00e4, O, Hillbom, M. Effects of head and extracranial injuries on serum protein S100B levels in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2004;56:1229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000096644.08735.72.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000096644.08735.72"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janigro, D, Mondello, S, Posti, JP, Unden, J. GFAP and S100B: what you always wanted to know and never dared to ask. Front Neurol 2022;13:835597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.835597.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.835597"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, N, Fazio, V, Cucullo, L, Teng, Q, Biberthaler, P, Bazarian, JJ, et al.. Extracranial sources of S100B do not affect serum levels. PLoS One 2010;5:e12691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012691.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012691"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhl\u00e9n, M, Fagerberg, L, Hallstr\u00f6m, BM, Lindskog, C, Oksvold, P, Mardinoglu, A, et al.. Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science 2015;347:1260419. Human Protein Atlas proteinatlas.org. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1260419.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.347.6227.1274-c"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, N, Santos-Santos, M, Ill\u00e1n-Gala, I, Montal, V, Estell\u00e9s, T, Barroeta, I, et al.. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light chain for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of frontotemporal dementia. Transl Neurodegener 2021;10:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-021-00275-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00275-w"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, JB, Janelidze, S, Smith, R, Mattsson-Carlgren, N, Palmqvist, S, Teunissen, CE, et al.. Plasma GFAP is an early marker of amyloid-\u03b2 but not tau pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 2021;144:3505\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab223.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab223"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blennow, K, Kurka, H, Suridjan, I, Jethwa, A, Hastreiter, M, Carboni, M, et al.. Clinical performance and robustness of blood-based biomarkers for early detection of amyloid pathology associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia 2022;18:e069052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.069052.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.069052"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhak, A, Foschi, M, Abu-Rumeileh, S, Yue, JK, D\u2019Anna, L, Huss, A, et al.. Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2022;18:158\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darlix, A, Hirtz, C, Mollevi, C, Ginestet, N, Tiers, L, Jacot, W, et al.. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein is a predictor of brain metastases in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2021;149:1605\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.33724.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33724"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00e5lnacke, BM, Ohlsson, A, Tegner, Y, Sojka, P. Serum concentrations of two biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase are increased in elite female soccer players after a competitive game. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:313\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2005.021584.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.021584"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laverse, E, Guo, T, Zimmerman, K, Foiani, MS, Velani, B, Morrow, P, et al.. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light chain, but not tau, are biomarkers of sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Commun 2020;2:fcaa137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa137.","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa137"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u02bcConnell, B, Kelly, \u00c1M, Mockler, D, Ore\u0161i\u010d, M, Denvir, K, Farrell, G, et al.. Use of blood biomarkers in the assessment of sports-related concussion-A systematic review in the context of their biological significance. Clin J Sport Med 2018;28:561\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000478.","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000478"},{"key":"2024090411271520760_j_cclm-2024-0194_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladang, A, Kovacs, S, Lengel\u00e9, L, Locquet, M, Reginster, JY, Bruy\u00e8re, O, et al.. Neurofilament light chain concentration in an aging population. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022;34:331\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-021-02054-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-02054-z"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2024-0194\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2024-0194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T11:33:03Z","timestamp":1725449583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2024-0194\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/cclm-2024-0194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2024-0194","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-6621","1437-4331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-6621","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-4331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]}}}