{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:10:43Z","timestamp":1773958243439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-0216_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular lymphomas are rare diseases that occur in ocular adnexa or specific intraocular regions. Although histology remains the gold standard, cytology and flow cytometry (FCM) are fundamental, mainly when a biopsy sampling is technically demanding. This study evaluated the effectiveness of FCM in diagnosing ocular diseases, especially hematologic malignancies, and compared its performance with the other techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-0216_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this monocentric study we collected patient characteristics from 165 patients referred to Padua University Hospital. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), accuracy and concordance rate were evaluated for cytologic, FCM, and\/or histologic analyses performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-0216_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were classified as having hematologic neoplasms (n=86), non-hematologic neoplasms (n=33) or non-neoplastic diseases (n=46). Hematologic neoplasms comprised 74 cases with ocular adnexal hematologic lesions and 12 cases with intraocular lymphomas and leukemias. FCM analysis of ocular specimens allowed valuable results in 71\/86 hematologic cases, failure being mainly due to absence of cellularity (8\/15). Histology showed 100\u202f% PPV for both hematologic and non-hematologic neoplasms; FCM reached 97 and 66\u202f%, and cytology 80 and 91\u202f%, respectively. Concordance between FCM and cytology was lower (\u03ba&lt;0.61) than with histology (\u03ba=0.677). FCM phenotype matched ocular lymphoma histotype in 95.8\u202f% of cases. The lymphocytic infiltrate by FCM was 39.5\u202f% in non-neoplastic, 64\u202f% in non-hematologic and 89.5\u202f% in hematologic diseases with B lymphocyte prevalence of 31.3\u202f%, 21.0\u202f% and 93.3\u202f%, respectively. Clonality analysis remains essential regardless of these values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-0216_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FCM provides rapid results, studies numerous markers simultaneously, and analyzes ocular aspirates from minimally invasive samples. For this reason, it is desirable to permanently integrate this technique into the diagnostic process of ocular disorders, particularly when hematologic malignancies are suspected, as part of an integrated multidisciplinary pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-0216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:56:30Z","timestamp":1759985790000},"page":"489-504","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flow cytometry, cytology and histology in the diagnosis of ocular hematologic neoplasms: a 15-year monocentric experience with a focus on ocular lymphomas"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Falda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Integrated Diagnostic Services-DIDAS , Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0840-2437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Davanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-DIMED, Laboratory Medicine Unit , Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology 1 Unit , Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Molin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\u2013DNS , Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Fogar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Integrated Diagnostic Services-DIDAS , Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Turkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-DIMED, Laboratory Medicine Unit , Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Zuin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Integrated Diagnostic Services-DIDAS , Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Finotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology 1 Unit , Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-DIMED, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit , Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Midena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Bietti Foundation , Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Vianello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiotherapy Unit , Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo Paolo","family":"Dei Tos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-DIMED, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit , Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Montagnana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Integrated Diagnostic Services-DIDAS , Padua University Hospital , Padua , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine-DIMED, Laboratory Medicine Unit , Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Parrozzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\u2013DNS , Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8745-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-DIMED, Laboratory Medicine Unit , Padua University , Padua , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soussain, C, Malaise, D, Cassoux, N. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a diagnostic and management challenge. Blood 2021;138:1519\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2020008235.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008235"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, JL. Intraocular lymphoma: a clinical perspective. Eye 2013;27:153\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2012.250.","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.250"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalogeropoulos, D, Vartholomatos, G, Mitra, A, Elaraoud, I, Ch\u2019ng, SW, Zikou, A, et al.. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2019;33:66\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjopt.2018.12.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2018.12.008"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_004","unstructured":"Pratchayaprateep, C, Niparuck, P, Boonsakan, P. Lymphoma of the ocular adnexa: a retrospective study in a tertiary care center. J\u00a0Hematol Transfus Med 2022;32:35\u201343."},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_005","unstructured":"Rigo, S, Lepiece, G, Bonnet, S. Intraocular lymphoma: a review. J\u00a0Clin Ophthalmol Eye Disord 2022;6:1045."},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coupland, SE, Damato, B. Understanding intraocular lymphomas. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008;36:564\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01843.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01843.x"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, R, Bavaharan, B, Mahendradas, P, Yadav, NK. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. OPTH 2019;13:353\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/opth.s159014.","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S159014"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, S, Zhou, Y, Jin, X, Lin, Z, Zhong, Y, Shen, X. Primary vitreoretinal natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma with breast involvement: a case report and review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2019;64:225\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.10.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.10.003"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrall, AL, Smith, JR. Eye involvement in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2020;65:548\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.02.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.02.001"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimino, L, Coassin, M, Chan, CC, Marchi, S, Belpoliti, M, Fanti, A, et al.. Vitreoretinal lymphomas misdiagnosed as uveitis: lessons learned from a case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016;64:369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0301-4738.185600.","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.185600"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choo, C, Cote, O, Bostwick, K, Regueiro, M, Wells, J, Grossniklaus, HE, et al.. Deep sequencing as a diagnostic tool in patients with suspected primary vitreoretinal lymphoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2024;109:70\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-324769.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-324769"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, K, Usui, Y, Goto, H. Clinical features and diagnostic significance of the intraocular fluid of 217 patients with intraocular lymphoma. The Japanese intraocular lymphoma study group. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012;56:383\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10384-012-0150-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0150-7"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takase, H, Arai, A, Iwasaki, Y, Imai, A, Nagao, T, Kawagishi, M, et al.. Challenges in the diagnosis and management of vitreoretinal lymphoma\u00a0\u2013\u00a0clinical and basic approaches. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022;90:101053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101053.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101053"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitamura, M, Kase, S, Suzuki, Y, Sakaguchi, T, Suimon, Y, Sinohara, T, et al.. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the ocular adnexa with flow cytometry analysis and review of the literature. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023;33:1200\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721221127053.","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221127053"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raparia, K, Chang, CC, Ch\u00e9vez-Barrios, P. Intraocular lymphoma: diagnostic approach and immunophenotypic findings in vitrectomy specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:1233\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/1543-2165-133.8.1233.","DOI":"10.5858\/133.8.1233"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velankar, MM, Kini, AR. Ocular involvement by T-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder of cutaneous origin. Pathol 2007;39:369\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00313020701329831.","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020701329831"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedaiwi, K, Alfawaz, AM, Mohammed, SF, Amy, M, Alqahtani, F, Alhazzaa, S, et al.. Intraocular T-cell Lymphoma Metastasizing from a primary adrenal T-cell lymphoma: case report. Ann Med Surg 2020;60:646\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.11.066.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.11.066"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calfa, CJ, Lossos, IS, Ruiz, P, Davis, JL. Ocular involvement as the initial manifestation of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144:326\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.031.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.031"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scoville, NM, Feng, S, Taylor, MR, Herlihy, E, Wilkes, JJ, Chisholm, KM, et al.. Bilateral pseudo-hypopyon as presenting symptom of acute monocytic leukemia in an 8-month-old infant. J\u00a0Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021;58:e30\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01913913-20210708-05.","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20210708-05"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqurashi, L, Alqahtani, A. Ocular infiltration as the only relapse sign of atypical lymphoma under chemotherapy: a case report. Cureus 2019;11:e4049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.4049.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4049"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, HU, Son, JH. Ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: a narrative review. J\u00a0Yeungnam Med Sci 2022;39:3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12701\/yujm.2021.01263.","DOI":"10.12701\/yujm.2021.01263"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adiga, S, Mehta, A, Singh, U, Singh, C, Sharma, R, Banerjee, N, et al.. Waldenstr\u00f6m Macroglobulinemia of the orbit: a diagnostic challenge. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022;32:NP246\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1120672120963459.","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120963459"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitamura, M, Kase, S, Suzuki, Y, Sakaguchi, T, Suimon, Y, Dong, Y, et al.. Follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexa: clinicopathological findings with flow cytometry analysis of eight cases. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022;32:1760\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721211023309.","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211023309"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, TG, Holm, F, Mikkelsen, LH, Rasmussen, PK, Coupland, SE, Esmaeli, B, et al.. Orbital lymphoma\u00a0\u2013\u00a0an international multicenter retrospective study. Am J Ophthalmol 2019;199:44\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.11.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.11.002"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Bueso, E, Calvo-Gonz\u00e1lez, C, Troyano, J, D\u00edaz-Valle, D, Saiz, M, Ben\u00edtez-del-Castillo, J, et al.. Ocular en paciente con mieloma m\u00faltiple. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2005;80:725\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4321\/s0365-66912005001200008.","DOI":"10.4321\/S0365-66912005001200008"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buscaglia, J, Parashette, KR, Giday, S, Okolo, P. Gastric recurrence of an ocular mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:748\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2007.09.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.09.004"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salcedo Mafla, E, Guti\u00e9rrez Ben\u00edtez, L, Asaad, M. Retinopathy secondary to multiple myeloma treated with bevacizumab. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2020;95:516\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oftal.2020.05.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftale.2020.05.026"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boltezar, L, Strbac, D, Pizem, J, Hawlina, G. Ocular adnexal lymphoma\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a retrospective study and review of the literature. Radiol Oncol 2024;58:416\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/raon-2024-0048.","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2024-0048"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holm, F, Mikkelsen, LH, Kamper, P, Rasmussen, PK, Larsen, TS, Sj\u00f6, LD, et al.. Ocular adnexal lymphoma in Denmark: a nationwide study of 387 cases from 1980 to 2017. Br J Ophthalmol 2021;105:914\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315637.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315637"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raval, VR, Mruthyunjaya, P, Singh, AD, editors. Ocular and adnexal lymphoma (Essentials in Ophthalmology), 2nd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Springer International Publishing; 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24595-4"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, M, Nowak, W, Marek, B, Kos-Kud\u0142a, B, Siemi\u0144ska, L, Londzin-Olesik, M, et al.. Differential diagnosis of thyroid orbitopathy\u00a0\u2013\u00a0diseases mimicking the presentation or activity of thyroid orbitopathy. Endokrynol Pol 2024;75:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/ep.98156.","DOI":"10.5603\/ep.98156"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y, Shen, B, Dai, Q, Xie, Q, Wu, W, Wang, M. Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: new advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Eur J Med Res 2023;28:395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-023-01330-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01330-0"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salah, S, Abad, S, Monnet, D, Br\u00e9zin, AP. Sarcoidosis. J\u00a0Fr Ophtalmol 2018;41:e451\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfo.2018.10.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2018.10.002"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alibaz-Oner, F, Direskeneli, H. Update on the diagnosis of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Diagn 2022;13:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13010041.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010041"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath, LA, Mudhar, HS, Salvi, SM. Hemangioblastoma of the optic nerve. Surv Ophthalmol 2019;64:175\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.10.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.10.002"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiferman, MJ, Yu, MD, Mruthyunjaya, P. Update in molecular testing for intraocular lymphoma. Cancers 2022;14:4546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14194546.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194546"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coupland, SE, Bechrakis, NE, Anastassiou, G, Foerster, AMH, Heiligenhaus, A, Pleyer, U, et al.. Evaluation of vitrectomy specimens and chorioretinal biopsies in the diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma in patients with masquerade syndrome. Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003;241:860\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-003-0749-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0749-y"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbonell, D, Mahajan, S, Chee, SP, Sobolewska, B, Agrawal, R, B\u00fclow, T, et al.. Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021;29:507\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2021.1878233.","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1878233"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, GL, Hubbard, EW, Clark, CT, Duncan, LD, Nodit, L. Cytologic analysis of vitreous fluids: a retrospective review of our 24\u00a0Years of experience. Diagn Cytopathol 2021;49:1122\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dc.24831.","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.24831"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satoru, K, Kan, I, Takehiko, U, Yuka, S, Yasuo, S, Manabu, K, et al.. Usefulness of flow cytometry in diagnosis of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. AR 2017;37:5001\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/anticanres.11913.","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11913"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suimon, Y, Kase, S, Miura, I, Ishijima, K, Ishida, S. Alteration of cell surface markers CD38 and CD138 in lymphoproliferative disorders in the ocular adnexa. Anticancer Res 2020;40:2019\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/anticanres.14158.","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14158"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, MC, Jiang, A, Li, AS, Rao, PK, Wilson, B, Harocopos, GJ. Vitreoretinal lymphoma: optimizing diagnostic yield and accuracy. Am J Ophthalmol 2022;236:120\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.09.032.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.09.032"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connelly, CF, Desai, N, Cimic, A, Gonzalez, AA, Baskota, SU. A six-year comprehensive review of eye cytology cases received at a tertiary level hospital. Diagn Cytopathol 2024;52:511\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dc.25341.","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.25341"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laver, NMV. Ocular cytopathology: a primer for the generalist. Semin Diagn Pathol 2015;32:311\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semdp.2014.12.013.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2014.12.013"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e8ve, P, Pacheco, Y, Durupt, F, Jamilloux, Y, Gerfaud-Valentin, M, Isaac, S, et al.. Sarcoidosis: a clinical overview from symptoms to diagnosis. Cells 2021;10:766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10040766.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040766"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgiutti, S, Jacquot, R, El Jammal, T, Bert, A, Jamilloux, Y, Kodjikian, L, et al.. Sarcoidosis-related uveitis: a review. JCM 2023;12:3194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12093194.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093194"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ole\u00f1ik, A, Gonzalo-Su\u00e1rez, B, Revenga, M, Rold\u00e1n, E, V\u00e1zquez, M, Mu\u00f1oz-Negrete, FJ. Use of aqueous humor and flow cytometry in ocular sarcoidosis diagnosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2017;25:540\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09273948.2016.1158839.","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2016.1158839"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, R, Kaburaki, T, Taoka, K, Karakawa, A, Tsuji, H, Nishikawa, M, et al.. More accurate diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma using a combination of diagnostic test results: a prospective observational study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022;30:1354\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2021.1873394.","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1873394"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monsalvo, S, Serrano, C, Prieto, E, Fern\u00e1ndez-Sanz, G, Puente, M, Rodriguez-Pinilla, M, et al.. Unilateral uveitis Masquerade syndrome caused by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma diagnosed using multiparametric flow cytometry of the aqueous humor. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2017;92:286\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.b.21361.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21361"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Missotten, T, Tielemans, D, Bromberg, JE, Van Hagen, PM, Van Lochem, EG, Van Dongen, JJM, et al.. Multicolor flowcytometric immunophenotyping is a valuable tool for detection of intraocular lymphoma. Ophthalmol 2013;120:991\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.007"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavine, JA, Singh, AD, Baynes, K, Srivastava, SK. Immune recovery uveitis-like syndrome mimicking recurrent T-cell lymphoma after autologous bone marrow transplant. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2021;15:407\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/icb.0000000000000829.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000829"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y, McKenna, RW, Kroft, SH. Comparison of multiparameter flow cytometry with cluster analysis and immunohistochemistry for the detection of CD10 in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Mod Pathol 2002;15:413\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.3880539.","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880539"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, E, West, D, Kulbacki, E. An unusual nodal marginal zone lymphoma with bright CD10 expression: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Am J Hematol 2010;85:546\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.21729.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21729"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshoa, C, Perkins, S, Kampalath, B, Shidham, V, Juckett, M, Chang, CC. Decreased CD10 expression in grade III and in interfollicular infiltrates of follicular lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2001;115:862\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/b6mk-j7nf-a6jp-x56k.","DOI":"10.1309\/B6MK-J7NF-A6JP-X56K"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_055","unstructured":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/toc\/10.1002\/(ISSN)1552-4930.OMIPscollection [Accessed 2 May 2025]."},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tembhare, PR, Chatterjee, G, Chaturvedi, A, Dasgupta, N, Khanka, T, Verma, S, et al.. Critical role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in the diagnosis, subtyping, and staging of T-cell\/NK-cell non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in real-world practice: a study of 232 cases from a tertiary cancer center in India. Front Oncol 2022;12:779230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.779230.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.779230"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_057","unstructured":"Beckman Coulter Life Sciences. Flow cytometry solutions. Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Official Website. https:\/\/www.beckman.it\/reagents\/coulter-flow-cytometry\/antibodies-and-kits [Accessed 19 Dec 2024]."},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_058","unstructured":"Beckton Dickinson Biosciences. Flow cytometry solutions. Beckton Dickinson Biosciences. Official Website. https:\/\/www.bdbiosciences.com\/en-eu\/products\/reagents\/flow-cytometry-reagents [Accessed 19 Dec 2024]."},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossarizza, A, Chang, H, Radbruch, A, Akdis, M, Andr\u00e4, I, Annunziato, F, et al.. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies. Eur J Immunol 2017;47:1584\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201646632.","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646632"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacchini, A, Demurtas, A, Aliberti, S, Barreca, A, Novero, D, Pacchioni, D. Single-tube flow cytometry assay for the detection of mature lymphoid neoplasms in paucicellular samples. Acta Cytol 2016;60:385\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000448799.","DOI":"10.1159\/000448799"},{"key":"2026031918102564240_j_cclm-2025-0216_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Principe, MI, Gatti, A, Johansson, U, Buccisano, F, Brando, B. ESCCA\/ISCCA protocol for the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid by multiparametric flow-cytometry in hematological malignancies. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2021;100:269\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.b.21981.","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21981"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-0216\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-0216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T18:12:11Z","timestamp":1773943931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-0216\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/cclm-2025-0216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-0216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-6621","1437-4331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-6621","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-4331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}}}