{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T21:39:29Z","timestamp":1787434769723,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1162_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical laboratory operations consume large amounts of electricity and water and generate considerable quantities of solid waste. In this study, we quantified and compared the estimated solid waste produced from performing one million basic metabolic panels (BMPs) across five major high-throughput chemistry analyzer systems commonly used in the United\u00a0States. Additionally, we estimated the carbon emissions associated with the electricity and water usage of each analyzer to better understand their environmental impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1162_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five academic medical centers each using a different clinical chemistry analyzer system, collected their respective annual vendor purchase data (January 2022\u2013December 2022). Consumables including reagent cartridges, packaging boxes, inserts associated with reagents, calibrators, and QC materials were categorized and weighed separately. Solid waste estimates for one million BMPs were calculated based on institutional testing volumes. Water and electricity usage for the analyzer systems was obtained and estimated CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emissions (CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e) were determined using standard emission factors and calculators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1162_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study found that performing one million BMPs on wet chemistry analyzer platforms, Abbott, Beckman, Roche and Siemens generated 995\u202fkg, 1,274\u202fkg, 579\u202fkg and 489\u202fkg of solid waste respectively while the dry chemistry Ortho system produced 160,593\u202fkg. The majority of waste across all platforms was plastic. Annualized CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e from electricity and water use totaled to 69,665\u202fkg\u00a0CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1162_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of BMPs generates substantial amounts of solid waste and CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e across major diagnostic platforms. These findings emphasize the urgent need for sustainability strategies in diagnostic laboratories to address their environmental footprint.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-1162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T09:00:46Z","timestamp":1759741246000},"page":"361-367","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Estimated waste generation from 1 million basic metabolic panels: a multisite U.S. study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Seema","family":"Khattri Bhandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , 5718 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwaku","family":"Twum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erving T.","family":"Laryea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , 5718 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , 5718 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raeshun T.","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , 5718 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel G.","family":"Brackbill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health , Lancaster , PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khushbu","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Farnsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Cotten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joesph R.","family":"Wiencek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , 5718 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031918102572234_j_cclm-2025-1162_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzoor, J, Sharma, M. 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