{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:46:23Z","timestamp":1791499583805,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1205_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim is to determine whether drone transport introduces relevant variability in analytical results and to assess its suitability for integration into routine hospital laboratory operations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1205_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two-phase study was conducted. The stability phase involved three sets of samples from 31 healthy volunteers transported by drone, by road, and processed without transport. The pilot phase included paired samples from 104 primary care patients transported by drone and by road. A broad panel of 53 biochemical, hematological and urinary analytes was assessed. Analytical performance was evaluated using mean bias, comparison with reference change values (RCVs) and hemolysis grading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1205_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most analytes showed minimal differences between transport methods. In the stability study, glucose and MCH in road-transported samples, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in drone-transported samples, exceeded their respective RCVs, with LDH likely affected by mild hemolysis. In the pilot study, statistically significant differences were observed between transport methods for potassium, exhibiting a bias of\u00a0\u22121.7\u202f% (\u22122.6 to\u00a0\u22120.8 %). Hemolysis was slightly more frequent in drone samples during the stability study but comparable in the pilot study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1205_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drone transport preserved the analytical integrity of a comprehensive test panel and has the potential to reduce logistical constraints. These findings support its implementation as a reliable and sustainable alternative to conventional transport in clinical laboratory settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-1205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:00:39Z","timestamp":1767592839000},"page":"821-831","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of drone transport for biological samples: a real-world experience at a tertiary hospital"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Calomarde-Pastor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Piedra-Aguilera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnau","family":"Pulido-Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Prendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"\u00c1lvarez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Couselo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Bujidos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Antonia","family":"Huertas-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Carmen","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-A\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bayarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berta","family":"Llebot-Casajuana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TIC Salut Foundation , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Abd\u00f3n-Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TIC Salut Foundation , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mercader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute of Health , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Iglesias-Lorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute of Health , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Center Sant Fost de Campsentelles , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Blanco-Guillermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Morales-Indiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Malumbres-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Department, Clinical Analysis and Biochemistry Department , Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona , Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippi, G, Chance, JJ, Church, S, Dazzi, P, Fontana, R, Giavarina, D, et al.. Preanalytical quality improvement: from dream to reality. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:1113\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm.2011.600.","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2011.600"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simundic, AM, Lippi, G. Preanalytical phase\u00a0\u2013 a continuous challenge for laboratory professionals. Biochem Med 2012;22:145\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11613\/bm.2012.017.","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.017"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, SF. The cost of poor blood specimen quality and errors in preanalytical processes. Clin Biochem 2013;46:1175\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.06.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.06.001"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stierlin, N, Loertscher, F, Renz, H, Risch, L, Risch, M. Preanalytic integrity of blood samples in uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) medical transport: a comparative study. Drones 2024;8:517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/drones8090517.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8090517"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stierlin, N, Loertscher, F, Risch, M, Risch, L. A green laboratory approach to medical sample transportation: assessing the carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint of medical sample transportation by drone, combustion car, and electric car. Drones 2024;8:489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/drones8090489.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8090489"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiels, CA, Aho, JM, Zietlow, SP, Jenkins, DH. Use of unmanned aerial vehicles for medical product transport. Air Med J 2015;34:104\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amj.2014.10.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amj.2014.10.011"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapira, M, Cohen, B, Friemann, S, Tal, Y, Teper, Z, Dudkiewicz, M, et al.. The impact of clinical sample transportation by unmanned aerial systems on the results of laboratory tests. Drones 2025;9:179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/drones9030179.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones9030179"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amukele, TK, Sokoll, LJ, Pepper, D, Howard, DP, Street, J. Can unmanned aerial systems (Drones) be used for the routine transport of chemistry, hematology, and coagulation laboratory specimens? PLoS One 2015;10:e0134020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0134020.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134020"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amukele, TK, Hernandez, J, Snozek, CL, Wyatt, RG, Douglas, M, Amini, R, et al.. Drone transport of chemistry and hematology samples over long distances. Am J Clin Pathol 2017;148:427\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/aqx090.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqx090"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amukele, TK, Street, J, Carroll, K, Miller, H, Zhang, SX. Drone transport of microbes in blood and sputum laboratory specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:2622\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01204-16.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01204-16"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amukele, TK, Ness, PM, Tobian, AAR, Boyd, J, Street, J, Miller, H. Drone transportation of blood products. Transfusion 2017;57:582\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.13900.","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13900"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippi, G, Becan-McBride, K, Beh\u00falov\u00e1, D, Bowen, RA, Church, S, Delanghe, J, et al.. Preanalytical quality improvement: in quality we trust. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:229\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2012-0597.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0597"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_013","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Prendes, C, Castro-Castro, MJ, Jim\u00e9nez-A\u00f1\u00f3n, L, Morales-Indiano, C, Mart\u00ednez-Bujidos, M. Discrepancies in lipemia interference between endogenous lipemic samples and Smoflipid\u00ae-supplemented samples. EJIFCC 2023;34:27\u201341."},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_014","unstructured":"EFLM Biological Variation Database. Available from: https:\/\/biologicalvariation.eu."},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penev, MN, Doukova-Peneva, P, Kalinov, K. Study on long-term biological variability of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996;56:285\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365519609088618.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519609088618"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_016","unstructured":"SEQC Especificaciones de calidad. Available from: https:\/\/www.seqc.es."},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ercan, M, Akbulut, ED, Bayraktar, N, Ercan, S. Effects of specimen haemolysis on complete blood count results by Abbott Alinity hq System. Biochem Med 2021;31:030706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11613\/bm.2021.030706.","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2021.030706"},{"key":"2026051215045264504_j_cclm-2025-1205_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, MM, Hannemann, A, Winter, T, Sch\u00e4fer, C, Petersmann, A, Nauck, M. Relative efficacy of different strategies for inhibition of in\u00a0vitro glycolysis. Clin Chem 2021;67:1032\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab071.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab071"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-1205\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-1205\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:08:54Z","timestamp":1778598534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-1205\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/cclm-2025-1205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-1205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-6621","1437-4331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-6621","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-4331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}}}