{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T02:15:38Z","timestamp":1793672138336,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1440_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The adrenal glands are the main source of 11-oxygenated androgens (11-OAs), including the potent\u00a011-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and the weaker metabolites 11\u03b2-hydroxyandrostenedione (11-OHA4), 11\u03b2-hydroxytestosterone (11-OHT) and 11-ketoandrostenedione (11-KA4). Due to their adrenal origin, 11-OAs allow the differentiation of adrenal and extra-adrenal-produced androgens. However, their clinical use is limited due to the lack of robust age- and sex-specific reference intervals (RIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1440_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish RIs from infancy throughout childhood and adulthood, we performed simultaneous quantification of 11-OHA4, 11-OHT, 11-KA4, 11-KT, and clinically relevant steroid hormones via LC-MS\/MS. We analyzed 3,796 serum samples from 2,505 healthy individuals, aged 0.25\u201380\u202fyears, encompassing minipuberty and pubertal stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1440_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>11-OA serum levels increase from infancy throughout childhood and adulthood, with the most pronounced increase during puberty. Significant sex differences were observed, and age-, sex-, and puberty-dependent RIs were established. In contrast to testosterone, 11-OAs exhibited a comparable pattern during the first year of life in both sexes. At 3 and 6\u202fmonths of age\u00a0\u2013\u00a0when testosterone levels were 100- and 10-fold higher, respectively, in males than in females\u00a0\u2013\u00a0no correlation was observed between testosterone and the adrenal-derived androgens (11-OAs, A4, and DHEAS) in\u00a0males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1440_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Established age-, sex-, and puberty-dependent RIs support the clinical interpretation of 11-OA measurements in disorders characterized by androgen excess. The differences in the regulation of classical androgens and 11-OAs during minipuberty suggest that the transient increase in androgens during the first months of life is most likely due to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal\u00a0axis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-1440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T13:06:49Z","timestamp":1771247209000},"page":"1656-1667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Age- and sex-specific reference intervals for 11-oxygenated androgens from infancy throughout childhood and adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2967-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Zeidler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents , Center for Pediatric Research , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Ceglarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents , Center for Pediatric Research , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Leipzig\/Dresden , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Kratzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Baber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"},{"name":"Leipzig Medical Biobank , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Wirkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berend","family":"Isermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gaudl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents , Center for Pediatric Research , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Leipzig\/Dresden , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Biemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060518413033907_j_cclm-2025-1440_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turcu, A, Smith, JM, Auchus, R, Rainey, WE. 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